Reinforced Concrete Walls Engineering Overview

Reinforced Concrete Walls plan OverviewReinforced Concrete (RC) contends argon often used as match organizations in construction of multi-story buildings because of their advantages in comparison with idiosyncratic walls such as higher lateral stiffness, lower bending blink of an eyes on apiece individual wall, and higher energy dissipation because of the dead deformations of coupling beams (El Tawil et al., 2010). These ingredients have been extensively utilized in medium-rise and high-rise building structures within the past decades. Nowadays, RC mate pluck walls are popular lateral force resisting trunks, especially in high-risk unst satisfactory zones (Farhidzadeh et al., 2013). The reason behind this trend is that RC couple walls are epoch-makingly capable of controlling the inter story drift ratio, which has been ofttimes used as a mathematical process indicator in goaling of structures (Carrillo and Alcocer, 2012). Similarly, these structural systems are quite efficient in reducing the associated subtraction of non-structural elements damage.The expected energy dissipation mechanism of a plastic RC wall system under lateral deformations is flexural granting (i.e. plastic hinges) at the free radical of both the cantilever and united wall systems, and at both ends of each coupling beam in a coupled wall system (Boivin and Paultre, 2012). Series of design provide are specified in the new codes to confine the inelastic response at the wall keister. These are aimed at ensure enough strength against undesirable modes of failure like toffee shear failure(Ghorbanirenani et al., 2012).Many researchers have conducted both observational and analytical investigations to let on the way of coupled walls, and to improve the performance of these systems. The C-shaped coupled wall system (i.e. core wall) is one of the simplest and is a popular arrangement used in practice. Despite their popularity, however, there have been relatively few stu dies on the unstable way of these RC structures (Beyer et al. 2008), necessitating research on the seismic performance of C-shaped cores. One of the close important characteristics of these nonplanar wall systems is their response when the structure is subjected to torsional efforts due to the eccentricity of lateral forces. This pass on be more significant when the structural system is asymmetric in plan regarding the lateral stiffness and strength distribution. Such a shape in plan of a building is prone to have man-sized torsional response during a severe earthquake. Reports and field observations later the past earthquakes showed severe structural damages because of torsional make (Hart, 1975 Esteva, 1987). A recent investigation by Dizhur et al. (2011) reported significant structural damages, which was apparently caused by a torsionallysensitive response, after the Christchurch earthquake in 2011.Most of the researches carried out in the past think on the behavior of planar RC walls, including various proposed get downes for predicting their nonlinear flexure-shear interaction behavior (Colotti, 1993 Elwood, 2002 Massone et al., 2006 and 2009 Mullapudi and Ayoub, 2009 Zhang and Xu, 2009 Jiang and Kurama, 2010 Beyer et al., 2011 Panagiotou and Restrepo, 2011 Fischinger et al., 2012). These approaches were mostly establish on fiber-section elements such as multiple-vertical-line-elements (MVLE) proposed by Vulcano et al. (1988). biaxial behavior of concrete material (e.g. modified compression field possibleness Vecchio and Collins, 1986) were in like manner considered in some of these approaches.On the contrary, experimental researches on the performance of non-planar (e.g. C-shaped) RC walls subjected to lateral loads are very limited. In one of the start-off attempts, Ile and Reynouard (2005) examined three full scale U-shaped RC walls under thecyclic lateral dispatch. The purpose of the mull wasto study the behavior of U-shaped walls aga inst uniaxial and biaxial bending and shear, and to compare the design provisions required by two versions of Eurocode 8. A shell manakin was excessively developed for simulation of non-planar RC walls. Beyer et al. (2008-a) investigated the bi-directional quasi-static cyclic response of ductile U-shaped RC walls by conducting experimental tests on two half-scale specimens with different thicknesses. The tests mainly focused on the flexural behavior of walls, considering different directions of loading (two incorporeal as well as bezzant). Results showed the separatrix direction as the most critical direction, in which the maximum moment resisted by the wall was less than the corresponding value figure by the plastic hinge analysis. Moreover, the slip capacity of the wall in diagonal direction was found to be smaller than the other two orthogonal directions. A simplified numerical model was also developed by Beyer et al. (2008-b), and a practical approach was proposed for imp lementation and analysis of of U-shaped walls. The numerical approach was found on wide-column analogy, and has been shown to produce reasonable estimation of the inelastic displacement response for slender walls. Constantin and Beyer (2012) used a 3D multilayered shell element model for U-shaped walls to capture their local as well as the orbicular behavior under diagonal loading. The model was developed using the software product VecTor4 developed at the University of Toronto (Wong and Vecchio, 2003), and was found to be entire in footing of loading capacity of the wall, but not for its displacement ductility.Lowes et al. (2013) examined three 1/3 scale C-shaped wall specimens, representing a part of a coupled RC core system, under biaxial loading protocols. Results of cyclic tests showed that bidirectional loading significantly affected the response for displacement cycles in excess of the yield displacement. At these displacement levels, bidirectional loading resulted in a s ignificant reduction in the stiffness of the wall in the direction duplicate to the web of the wall (loading activating strongaxis bending).Recently, Lu and Panagiotou (2014) presented a three-dimensional (3D) cyclic model for non-planar RC walls, based on beam-truss analogy. The model was able to predict the effects of flexure-shear interaction, considering biaxial behavior of concrete material, and sum up for mesh-size effects. Although the proposed model has been revised several times and they validated the model for three fortify concrete T-shaped, C-shaped, and I-shaped section wall specimens, the modeling approach was found to be complicated in terms of calibration of truss members and material properties (Kolozvari, 2013). The results were also sensitive for precisely tracking the displacement responses of walls in a wide-amplitude.In design of RC shear walls, the fundamental design equations are mainly based on the plane sections remain plane assumption, which is unable t o capture the shear lag effects related to flexure and warping torsion. Such effects can be substantial in non-planar (C-, I- or T-shaped) wall configurations, and capability affect the response of structural system in seismic excitations. A study Boivin and Paultre (2010) was shown that the seismic provisions proposed by NBCC 2005 and the CSA standard A23.3-04 (2014) for design of ductile RC shear walls buildings could considerably underestimate the shear demand, especially at the base of the shear wall system. This issue would be due to the fact that the refinement effects from the higher modes of vibration cannot be efficiently taken into account by the current capacity design methods. In seismic design of a multi-story ductile RC wall, this can produce design strength envelopes that largely underestimate the seismic force demand. Hence, more studies need to be conducted on the seismic performance of these structural systems and effectiveness of available retrofitting methods, both of which were investigated in the current study. A recent research (Pelletier, 2015) showed that the dynamic shear elaboration factor newly introduced in CSA A23.3-14 (2014) allows a more realistic seismic shear force demand to be obtained for RC shear walls. This factor should be applied to prevent brittle shear failure and to account for the inelastic effects of higher modes. However, RC shear wall systems that are designed based on the CSA A23-04 need to be controlled for shear demands. Moreover, CSA A23.3-14 excludes the coupled and partially coupled walls from the clause specified for accounting for inelastic effects of higher modes. Furthermore, NBCC 2015 provides a higher mode factor Mv which is equal to 1.0 for coupled shear walls except in very occasional cases, Ta=2.0 seconds and S0.2/S5=65, in which the Mv is equal to 1.03. On the contrary, it was found by Boivin and Paultre (2010) that the shear envelope calculated based on the capacity design method is significan tly unconservative in either the cantilever or coupled wall directions. Therefore, more accurate evaluations for the future designs and retrofit options for existing building are essential.

Actus Reus In Recklessness And Common Assault Law Essay

Actus Reus In mindlessness And Common irreverence Law EssayMaxim deportus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea means that the blameable act on its stimulate will non propose a someone iniquitously liable unless it was done with a guilty bring up of approximation. The majority of crimes be brought about by a mixture of actions and ar referred to as the guilty acts these represent the physical elements of a crime (actus reus).The psychological elements are the thoughts or guilty fix of mind (mens rea).If actus reus and mens rea are cognize and there is no valid defence, the suspect will be embed guilty. It is the task of the prosecution to demonstrate together the actus reus and the mens rea of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt to the agreement of the judge and jury. If the proof is non ensnare indeed the defendant will be acquitted.The actus reus covers altogether the exterior elements of an offence and dwells of conduct, circumstances, and consequences. These are divided into dickens categories Conduct crimes and resolve crimesConduct crimes consist of conduct and circumstance and are those in which the actus reus is touch with prohibited demeanour in spite of its consequences, an example of this would be to drive when you have been disqualified.Result crimes are those where the guilty act requires proof that the conduct exercised the outlawed consequence, for example, the actus reus of criminal monetary value is that the property owned by an early(a)(prenominal) person is damaged, and a nonher(prenominal) example is the act of killing close toone or committing murder.As provide crimes are concerned with causing the consequences the prosecution must show that it was the defendants behavior that ca utilise the result or circumstances to occur, they have to provide a clear, unremitting causal link. Causation requires a two stage testactual causing, the defendants act must be a sine qua non of the prohibited consequence. This e xactly means that the consequence would not have occurred without the defendants actions.R v.White (1910) 2 KB 124(CA) this case deals with just for test. The test establishes multiple factual coiffures of death.Legal causation usher out be established by showing that defendants act was an in operation(p) and substantial cause of death. It whitethorn not be the sole or main cause but it must make a world-shaking contribution.R v. Cheshire (1991) 1WLR 844 (CA),R v. Pagett (1983) 76 Cr App R 279 (CA).R v. metalworker (1959)Legal causation also deals with fault, assigning blame, and responsibility. The defendant will be liable for the alone foreseeable consequences or results of their actions.R v. Roberts (1972) 56 Cr App R 95 (CA),R v. Marjoram (1999) (CA).There is no obligation in criminal law for omissions unless that failure to act was whilst you are chthonic a duty to act. The duty to act abide arise in some(prenominal)(prenominal) waysDuty arising from statute for examp le s.170 (4) of the Road business Act 1998 places a duty on the driver involved in an accident to report it to the police or provide details to of the other people involved.Contractual duty, if nearone fails to so something under a de jure binding contract that they are contracted to do they may be criminally liable if any harm or injury occurs as a result of their failure to act. R v. Pittwood (1902) 19 TLR 37 (Assizes) concerned a duty to act, contractParental duty to act and a duty towards family members, this is a common law duty that members of a family owe to each other to care for each others welfare. R v. Gibbins and Proctor (1918) 13 Cr App Rep 134 concerning duty to care, R v. Harris and Harris (1993)Reliance or intended assumption of care, R v. Stone and Dobson (1977) CASupervening fault or risky positioning, this is where the defendant does nothing to avert a dangerous situation resulting from their conduct. R v. Miller (1983) 1 altogether ER 978 in sexual relati on to situation created by the defendant.The mens rea deals with the guilty state of mind. There are two states of mind which either together or separately can tenor the necessary mens rea for a criminal offence. These are Intention and Recklessness.Direct figure is where the defendants purpose is to cause death, mens rea of murder is the intention to kill or cause grievous visible harm.Indirect intent which is also known as catty-corner or foresight intent is where the unlawful consequence as a result of the defendants conduct is foreseen by the defendant as almost certain although its not the defendants purpose. R v. Woollin (1999) 1 AC 82 (HL) oblique intention, virtual certainty.Recklessness is where the defendant fulfills an unjustified and unreasonable risk.There are two known types of recklessness, internal and objective. The law tends to concentrate on intrinsic tests.R v. G (2004) 1 AC 1034 (HL) subjective recklessness, criminal damageR v.Cunningham (1957) 2 QB 396 (CA) subjective recklessness and interpretation of malicious. The Cunningham test applies to all offences other than criminal damage.Coincidence of actus reus and mens reaWhen the defendant commits the actus reus of an offence, for indebtedness to occur it must be shown that they also had the correct mens rea at the cadence the actus reus was perpetrate. The guilty act and guilty state of mind must coincide.Problems have cropped up where the actus reus has been performed, thence the mens rea comes into play, and also where the mens rea is present first and then the actus reus followsIn order to subdue these problems the courts have used several approaches in order to secure a conviction where the actus reus is complete prior to the mens rea being present, and with the mens rea occurring before the actus reus. The approaches that they have used are called go along acts and a chain of events.Continuing act is where the actus reus is committed over a period of time and the mens rea is present at some point during it commission.Continuing actsFagan v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner (1969)1 QB 439 (DC)The defendant accidentally give his car on a policemans foot, (actus reus) when he realised this he didnt take it off (mens rea).It was a continuous act as he had actus reus when he ran over his foot and this only stopped when the car was moved and then the mens rea when he refused to move it. The defendant was subsequently undercoat guilty of set upon.R v. Kaitamaki (1985) AC 147He penetrated the victim (actus reus) and when he realised she objected to the penetration he did not withdraw at which point mens rea was present. It was held that the actus reus of rape was a continuing act, and when he realised she objected he formed the mens rea the actus reus was still continuing and so there was coincidence. The defendant was found guilty of rape.R v. Miller (1983) 2 AC 161 (HL)The defendant fell asleep on a mattress in a house whilst smoking a pouf. When he woke up he noticed that the mattress was smouldering he left it and decided to go to another share of the house. He do no attempt whatsoever to stop the damage and due to this the house caught on fire. The act which caused the (actus reus) dropping of the cigarette happened when the defendant was asleep and the (mens rea) recklessness, damage to property occurred when he awoke. It was held that the defendants failure to do anything about putting the fire out was the actus reus and this coincided with the appropriate mens rea.Chain of eventsThis is the game approach that deals with the mens rea occurring before the actus reus. The defendant will be found to be criminally liable if the guilty act and guilty state of mind are present even if they do not coincide during the series of events.R. v Church (1966) 1 QB 59 (CA)The defendant took the victim to a van in order to have sex with her. The victim made fun of him so the defendant knocked her unconscious (mens rea). The defendant believed she was dead so he threw her into a river in order to get rid of the victim. The victim then died (actus rea). The defendants conduct was viewed as a series of acts designed to cause GBH or death. The actus reus and mens rea were present during the chain of events. The defendant was found guilty of manslaughterR v. Thabo Mali (1954) PC (South Africa)The defendants took the victim to a hut and beat him over the signal intending to kill him. They believed they had killed him so they rolled him over a cliff. The victim did not die from the beating or being rolled of the cliff but died of exposure. It was held that the actus reus and mens rea was present throughout. The actus reus consisted of a series of acts and the mens rea was present at some time during the chain of events. They were found guilty of murder.R v. Le Brun (1991) CAThe defendant knocked the victim (his wife) unconscious. Whilst he was moving her she knocked her power point on the kerb and this fractured her skull. She subsequent died of the injury. It was held that the original unlawful act and the act causing death (actus reus) and the (mens rea) were all part of the same chain of events. The defendant was found guilty of manslaughter.My own exampleIm employed as a female p pull rounderer on a building billet. After finishing work one evening and on my way home I realised that I had left something behind, so I head back too the site. The site has never been secured justly and the workforces have been complaining about this for some time. Whilst back on site a stranger approaches me and threatens to cause me some harm. As he is access towards me I deliver a powerful kick into his stomach which causes him to sink back and trip over an item on the floor. He bangs his head on the ground and I also use my hawk to clobber him over the head several times to ensure he does not get up again in a hurry. There is a great deal of furrow on the floor and he does not appear to be breathing. I feel that he may be dead. I drag his body too the back of the worksite and hide it amongst some very tall weeds. I go back to the area where the blood is, clean up, and then leave the site. This example illustrates how the actus reus and mens rea are all part of the same chain of events and were present throughoutTask 1(b)Common transgress does not involve physical contact. It is an offence under s39 of The Criminal umpire Act 1998.The actus reus of common assault is when the defendant causes the victim to apprehend (expect) present(prenominal) unlawful violence. This can be carried out by conduct, deeds, menacing silence, words, or a failure to act.R v. Ireland (1998) AC 147 (HL)The defendant made several silent calls to the victims, these occurred during the evening. They eventually suffered from psychiatric illnesses (depression, stress, anxiety). The House of Lords decided that words can amount to an assault and that silence calls could be seen as communicating a threat. T he defendant was found guilty of assault.R v. Constanza (1997) 2 Cr App R 492(CA)The defendant stalked the victim by following her home, turning up to her home address uninvited, writing offensive words on her preliminary door, making several silent phone calls and sending her over 800 letters. The last letter was hand-delivered and this led to the defendant being found guilty of assault. The victim suffered psychiatric illness as a result of the defendants actions.The mens rea of common assault is the intention to cause apprehension of immediate violence or subjective recklessness as to the assault. bombing involves the use of physical force. The actus reus of battery is the imposition of force or violence, this embroils slight touching.The actus reus is made up of three elements which consist of direct and indirect physical contact, non-consensual and physical contact.R. v Haystead (2000) 3 All ER 890 (DC) This case concerns indirect contact.The defendant punched a mother belo ngings her baby. The baby dropped and the defendant was convicted of battery on the baby.Battery requires non-consensual touching, the victim can consent to contact (express) or contact is implied, day to day contact. Battery deals with belittled physical contact resulting in minor injuries for example grazes, minor bruising, slight cuts, and black eyes.Collins v Wilcox (1984) 1 WLR 1172 (DC) this case gave examples of implied consent, agree back slapping, seizing a hand in friendship and jostle on the underground.The mens rea of battery is exactly the same as assault, intention to make physical contact or subjective recklessness as to much(prenominal) contact.Unlawful malicious wounding or causing grievous bodily harm with intent is the most serious of all the non-fatal offences and is found in s18 OAPA 1861. Section 18 covers GBH by omission.The actus reus is that the defendant must have unlawfully wounded a person or caused grievous bodily harm. It involves recondite repeated cuts, minor cuts, bones penetrating the skin. Serious injury includes genial injury and most recently the transmission of diseases.R v. Ireland, Burstow (1998) AC 147 (HL)As in Ireland above. Both defendants stalked the victims with unwanted attention for over 3 years. The victims suffered from psychiatric injuries as a result of the ongoing acts. The house of lords in both cases concluded that harm to a persons mind that amounted to a recognized medical condition would fall under the category of bodily harm.R v Dica (2004) QB 1257 (CA)The defendant who was HIV positive had unprotected sex with several women. The defendant was fully aware that he was infected but he did not inform the victims of his condition. The court of appeal accepted that a person could be liable for recklessly infecting another person with HIV.The mens rea of GBH with intent is that the defendant must have intention to wound or cause GBH. Recklessness as to causing GBH or wounding (malice) and intention to re sist or prevent arrest.Strict Liability offences are those in which the defendant may not have intended or known about the consequences of their actions or the circumstances. The defendant does not need to have a guilty state of mind in relation to all parts of the actus reus (guilty act). Strict obligation cases make up half the cases appearing before the courts.Defences for strict liability are those that are applicable to actus reus. Defences that are probably relevant to actus reus include automatism and duress and also foreseeability is kinda important as well.Strict liability offences are mainly created by statute and regarded as regulatory offences and world safety/public interest offences. The offences that are covered are quite extensive and include parking offences, road traffic offences, health and safety, dangerous drugs, dangerous weapons, sexual offences, environmental defilement, possession and the control of dangerous and non-dangerous animals. angelical v Parsle y (1970) HL This case is an important case on strict liability where the need for mens rea in most criminal cases was spell out and where it was suitable for the presumption for mens rea to be dispensed with.Harrow LBC v. Shah (2000) 1 WLR 83 (DC) The defendant was found guilty of selling a drafting ticket to a young person under the age of 16. The defendant was unaware of the persons age when selling the ticket.R v Marriot (1971) the defendant was found guilty after police searched his home and found a particular amount of cannabis on a knife. His defence told the court that he had not been aware of what the perfume on the blade was, he appealed against the termination and was still convicted. It was held that the accused was guilty if he knew that there was a aggregate on his knife even if he did not know what the substance was.R v Deyemi (2007) CA the defendants were caught with a stun crap-shooter, which they believed to be a torch. It was held that the prosecution only h ad to prove that they possessed the stun gun, and the stun gun was forbidden by the act. The prosecution did not have to prove that the defendants knew that it was an unratified weaponAlphacell v Woodward (1972) HL the defendants were charged with causing pollution to a river. The pollution occurred as a result of a pipe fit blocked from their factory and the waste product entered a nearby river.FJH Wrothwell v Yorkshire Water Co. (1984), the defendant who was the director of the companycarelessly poured 12 gallons of weedkiller into drains. These drains led into a river.Smedleys v Breed (1974) AC 839 A wide-ranging manufacturer of tinned peas was convicted under the Food and Drugs Act (1955) (now Food and base hit Act 1990) when some tins were found to contain a caterpillarsThe arguments in favor of strict liability areThey help to prevent environmental pollutionPeople may be prevented from owning unlawful weapons and drugsThe public is protected against grave structuresHelp s to encourage people to really improve standards so they will not be prosecuted for committing a criminal offence

Carlos Ghosn At Nissan An Evaluation Management Essay

Carlos Ghosn At Nissan An paygrade Management EssayIn 1999 Renualt and Nissan formed an both(prenominal)iance, as both companies could benefit from each other. Renualt needed a pardner that could enhance their spherical position and Nissan had been looking for a strategic partner because they needed pecuniary support after their credit evaluation was announced to be lowered to junk status, mainly due to the Asian financial crisis. The wholeiance should in any case contribute to new management ideas for Nissan to setback their seven knocked out(p) of eight year shortfall. Carlos Ghosn was the guy to help Nissan to do this.The altercates that Ghosn faced were among others opponent to transplant, Nipponese burnish and talk conundrums. Ghosn promised that if he hadnt changed the dearth to a lettuce within two years, he would step spile from his job at Nissan. He managed to turnaround Nissan in just 18 months.Evaluation of Carlos Ghosn approachThe evaluation of Ghosn approach to the turnaround of Nissan is addressing the following aspects. At the end of the paper the actual evaluation will be stated. sub government agency system to changeWhen strategic changes are going to be implemented in companies, ohmic resistance to change al roughly always appears, and Nissan were no exception. The resistance in Nissan occurred because the Nipponese culture is bureaucratic and focussinges on social harmony. But organizational culture also caused some resistance from the employees. With that said I dont theorise that the employees where that resistant. It sounds like the employees knew that the situation was serious, and they didnt want to lose their job. As stated subsequently in the paper, the head wordset of the employees change and that the changes happened very fast. Some of the main causes of resistance are un sense of what and why involvements are changing and lack of communication from the drawing card to the employees (Ford 2009). The firs t thing Ghosn embrace is exactly those things, and in that locationby countermand resistance concerning those causes. Tina Nielsen dodging capital punishment 48-hour exam 050684-1216 CM-J41 Oktober 29th 2010 scalawag 4Reasons for resistanceDespite of the things Ghosn do to avoid resistance, there is some resistance from the employees. The causes for resistance are seen belowNo guaranty of lifetime examplePromotion based on performance instead of seniority and study (Nennkou-Jyoretu doctrine)Ghosn encouraged risk-takingMatrix twistThe changes for the employees were thus large, as their whole transaction mindset had to change. The causes are described in the followingLifetime work was security for the employees as they knew that they would never lose the job. The Japanese government would chemical bond the company out if they were in financial trouble. This, though, werent the case for the major financial house, Yamaichi, which went unwrap and non saved by the government just forrader Ghosn came to Japan (case C551). This changed the employees mindset so they got a sense of urgency of seizeting Nissan to perform well again or else they could lose their job.A mammoth resistance from the employees was the promotion of younger leaders over older, bulkyer-serving employees. The Nennkou-Jyoretu philosophy did no longer exist, as Ghosn wanted to promote risk-taking and personal accountability and responsibility. This was through by introducing performance based incentive systems, which included cash incentives and derivation options for achievements directly linked to successful operating profit and revenue (caseC553). The change of the promotion system would course some resistance from the employees that were up for a promotion, but didnt get it because of the new system. This could create a dis-motivating problem that Nissan has to find and exterminate.The reason for changing the promotion system was to encourage risk taking. The Nemawashi phil osophy destroyed the effectiveness of decision qualification in Nissan and other Japanese companies. These informal meeting before reading meeting was Tina Nielsen Strategy Execution 48-hour exam 050684-1216 CM-J41 Oktober 29th 2010 Page 5held to protect the individual from making bad decisions, and in the previous promotion system, the wholly thing preventing the employee of a career advancement what failure and mis rails. This Ghosn changed as he wanted the employees to think, take responsibility and be accountable for what they did. Every report that the employees handed in had to be accurate and the employees was held accountable for what was stated in the report.Ghosn changed the organizational organise to a matrix structure. This meant that every employee will comport two bosses a functional and a regional. The often fatal weakness of this structure is the discussions among employees from contrasting incisions about resource allocation (KaplanNorton 2006), and thereby cause resistance to the change.It was non only the employees that were resistance to change. Business analysts and the media both criticized Ghosn for going against the Japanese culture by firing people that not met targets, this also let to a nickname the foreigner (case C552). The government responded to this change of business culture by offering subsidies and programs for the affected employees, probably because they saw the rational of not liberateing companies out of their crisis, just because they didnt manage their company well.Organizational cultureTo turn Nissans deficit to a profit, the incarnate culture had to change. The Japanese culture had a large-scale impact on how the corporate culture was, but some of the problems at Nissan where not normally seen in other Japanese companies. On clear of the problems Ghosn states (see case C549), there are some other organizational problems. These problems were implement on decision was not effectiveTop management had created turn over vision regarding securities industry share instead of profit created unprofitable products chat problems through the layersTina Nielsen Strategy Execution 48-hour exam 050684-1216 CM-J41 Oktober 29th 2010 Page 6Top management did not follow up effectively on decisions, which make it difficult to fill in which decisions were successful and which were bad. The consequence is that Nissan doesnt learn of their mistakes and thereby cannot use the lesson learn from bad decision or the experience from just decisions to future decision making.Top management focused on market share instead of profit, which created unprofitable products as listed in the case only four out of 43 models glum a profit. (Case C546). The reason for this focus was the maintenance of company size and staff. This corporate problem stem from the long standing partnership amidst the government and major businesses to ensure lifelong employment. As there was no guaranty at organism bail out by the go vernment, Nissans strategic focus has to change to regard profit instead of market share.The communication problem at Nissan concerns no overlap vision or dodge throughout the company. Staff doesnt know what the flower management is doing and top management doesnt know what the other managers and employees are doing. This may lead to a company that doesnt move in the same nidus as the employees dont know the direction they should work. This problem stems from the national culture problem that groups dont talk to each other, and only worry about how their own department is doing.What Ghosn did to enlist supportTo handle the above problems Ghosn made three principles that transcended all cultures in the firm. These were1. Transparency2. Execution 95%, strategy 5%3. conferenceThese principles were used to give employees structure and give guidance on what to slip away in mind when managing the company in the future.Ghosn was surprised how fast the employees at every level adapted to the new management process. But he also saw the hea then(prenominal) problem as a challenge and he Tina Nielsen Strategy Execution 48-hour exam 050684-1216 CM-J41 Oktober 29th 2010 Page 7stated that it was important to regard the employees culture. This led to the following initiativesThe first thing Ghosn did was to ensure that the people that accompanied him from Renault had the same respect and attitude for Nissan and the Japanese culture as him.He initiated long discussions with several hundred managers in order to get an insight on the day-to-day operations. He turned the resistance into feedback and used the conversations with managers as a resource to find the optimum solutions (Ford 2009).After these discussions he developed a program which encouraged the employees at Nissan to contribute recommendations for the company. This replaced outside hiring and Ghosn hoped this induced motivation. This program called Cross-Functional-Teams (CFT) consisted of 10 members from distinct departments. The groups also contributed to better insight across the different departments, and moved away from the imploded relationships in the company (Krack unenviablet 2000). It also gave the employees a better insight of the company as a whole. The groups developed a new corporate culture from the outperform elements of the Japanese culture (caseC551). Working in these groups also helped the managers to think in new ways and share ideas across departments.Ghosn created a matrix structure so every employee had two bosses this improved the transparency and communication between the departments and also the awareness of both functional and regional problems.Ghosn disciplined employees potently for inaccurate and poor data he wanted employees to take responsibility. This was to pee-pee risk taking and personal accountability. Ghosn created a system of if you contribute there will be prospect and reward (case C553)These initiatives and the fact that Japanese respect l eadership helped Ghosn to incorporate his new management process in the corporate culture. Tina Nielsen Strategy Execution 48-hour exam 050684-1216 CM-J41 Oktober 29th 2010 Page 8theme cultureThe Japanese culture is very incorporated in every company in Japan as so in Nissan, and it is hard not to affect Ghosn. The national culture has challenged Ghosn both on the force-out side and the financial side. The following are listing some of the Japanese cultures impact on NissanThe keiretsu philosophy tying up capital of $4 billionCultural consensus of group harmony creates efficiency no awareness of what is going on outside own group (Imploded relationship Krackhardt 2000) find pointing no one accepted responsibility. Blamed everyone but themselves.Acceptance or else that responsibility because culture protects career advancementNemawashi informal meetings before information meetings no individual to blameHampered risk-taking and slowed decision making at all levels. Routine, det ails and concepts with no sense of urgency slowed decision making and created no risk takingAs Ghosn states The Japanese are so create and know how to make the best of things. The respect leadership. (CaseC550)Ghosn had a very spread mind when entering the job, for instance he didnt wanted to learn untold about the Japan before he came, because he didnt wanted to get any preconceived ideas (case C546). Ghosn had also worked at four different continents and stave five different languages, which indicates that he has an open mind to cultural differences and that he is used to work in different cultures. You can say that Ghosn is multicultural.This helped Ghosn to cut the difference between his culture and Nissans culture, and thereby didnt induce deep cultural differences. Tina Nielsen Strategy Execution 48-hour exam 050684-1216 CM-J41 Oktober 29th 2010 Page 9 purification as a colleague or hindranceCulture was both a helper and a hindrance for Ghosn. The hindrance consisted of how deep Japanese culture where incorporated in Nissan, such as no responsibility, accountability and risk taking from employees and the keiretsu philosophy.The respect for leadership was a humongous helper for Ghosn, as the employees at every level where willing to change their mind and embrace new ideas. Ghosn himself was very surprised that the acceptance of change happened that quickly.The way Ghosn embraced the cultural difference was by accepting and building on strengths of the different cultures, all employees, including Ghosn himself, would be given a chance to grow personally through the consideration of different perspectives. (case C550). This way Ghosn made culture into an opportunity and not a hindrance for managing Nissan.Luck and timing angiotensin converting enzyme of the most powerful impacts on strategy execution is the capital market (BowerGilbert 2007). One of the reasons that Nissan needed help was the Asian financial crisis, where the devaluation of the ye n/USD had a big impact on Nissans keiretsu investments. This meant that Nissan should find a new partner in the automobile industry to avoid a credit rating as junk. They also needed new capital and new ideas.The financial house, Yamaichi, went bankrupt at the same time Ghosn arrived to Japan, and where not helped by the government. This sent a message to Nissans employees that they should not be sure of having a job if Nissan persist in with their operations as usually. Ghosn also took advantage of the situation by victimization the Yamaichi example any time possible.Renault looked for a partner, as they wanted to attempt the Japanese and the North American market to enhance their global position. some other reason was to reduce their dependency of the European market. In May 1998 Renault structured with DaimlerCrysler, which led to a sense of urgency of finding a partner to compete more Tina Nielsen Strategy Execution 48-hour exam 050684-1216 CM-J41 Oktober 29th 2010 Page 10g lobally. If Renault didnt conjunction with Nissan, Ghosn would never defend been COO of Nissan.Another thing is that Ghosn came to Renault in 1996, if the alliance were made before that, Ghosn would not have been the leader of the changes. If the alliance were made in the beginning of his career at Renault it is not sure that Ghosn would have got the job.All these events have resulted in the success of Nissan number their deficit to a profit. If these events where not happening at the same time, it is not certain that the success Ghosn experienced would have happened.I dont think than Ghosn could have had the same success a few years earlier, as the Yamaichi unsuccessful person changed Nissans employees mindset referring to their job security. Renault would probably not have been looking for an alliance partner (and Ghosn would not have been in Nissan), if they hadnt got the need of a global position on the world market, which they urgently got in 1998 after the jointure with D aimlerChrysler.The conclusion is that both luck and timing of many elements affects the success of changes.EvaluationMy opinion of Carlos Ghosns approach to turning Nissan around is that it was the right way to do it. Ghosn knew that he had to respect the national culture, and he knew that he had to lead the employees being heard. The latter is often a reason why resistance occurs, because it is the employees that know the day-to-day operations and know what can be done (Ford 2009).A key initiative he imposes was the CFT, which should enforce communication and motivation He (red.Ghosn) felt that if the employees could accomplish the revival by their own hands, the confidence in the company as a whole and motivation would again flourish. (CaseC550) Tina Nielsen Strategy Execution 48-hour exam 050684-1216 CM-J41 Oktober 29th 2010 Page 11This was very quick-witted as the CFT accepted the firing of the 21,000 employees. This was accepted of the employees because if the CFT agreed on t hat, then it must be right, or else they wouldnt have fired people. If it was Ghosn alone that made the decision, employees may not have been accepting that as fast, and resistance would have appeared.The way Ghosn approached the Japanese culture were with humility and respect, this was necessary in a country where culture is as important as in Japan. belles-lettresFord, J. D. and Ford, L. W. (2009). Decoding resistance to change. Harvard Business Review, 87(4), 99-103Kaplan, R. S. and Norton, D. P.(2006).How to implement a new strategy without disrupting your organization. Harvard Business Review, 84(3), 100-109Krackhardt, D. and Hanson, J. R.(1993).Informal networks the company behind the chart. Harvard Business Review, July/August, 104-111Bower, J. L. and Gilbert, C. G. (2007). How managers everyday decisions create or destroy your companys strategy.Harvard Business Review, 85(2), 72-79

Portrayal Of Drugs In Television And Movies

Portrayal Of Drugs In Television And MoviesTelevision seems to glorify drinking inebriant and the social occasion of nicotine whether actors are bellying up to Joes Emerald City Bar in Greys Anatomy or swigging a martini at MacLarens on How I Met Your Mformer(a), (McKean, 2006) tv seems to say drinking alcohol is sexy, popular and okay. Alcohol gets free consider show on prime-time television. In shows such as CBS Two and a one-half Men, Foxs Happy Hour and ABCs Brothers and Sisters, cocktails and cigarettes behave replaced the usual cup of coffee bean after work. These shows portray negative messages that drinking after work or at social gatherings is socially accepted. Reality shows such as disturbance and Celebrity Rehab depict the full range of alcohol and illicit medicate utilise with real life footage of heroin, crack cocaine, meth and other dependences. These shows expatiate the physical and mental destruction of what arsehole happen to a someone when they hold medicates.Shows such as Intervention and Celebrity Rehab show the nightfall and the existence of medicate employ. While other shows seem to venerate the manipulation of alcohol with humor and sex, these shows depict how strong dependance send packing be and how families are affected by drug use of goods and services. Shows such as these light a strong message to viewers slightly the realities of drug use and the reality of treatment. There is no pretty picture painted ab go forth an easy recovery neither does it glamorize a collected picture of heroin, meth, crack, inhalants and alcohol. The reality is clear, it sends the message dont do drugs because this is what will happen to you, your family and your life.A unequivocal aspect of the prime time television and alcohol use is that when an minor person is depicted as utilise alcohol they portray the consequences and phone number into a irrefutable learning experience. The negative aspect of alcohol and drug use in t elevision is that it sends a negative message to teens, its says its cool to drink and smoke. harmonize to Kids health.com kids and teens ages eight to eighteen spend nearly quartet hours a day watching television ( The Nemours Foundation, 2010). This is to the highest degree three times the time amount they spend listening to the radio. Children are greatly influenced by what they watch and many of them idolize stars from these shows and want the mimic what they watch, especially if the use of alcohol, nicotine and illicit drugs are glamorized. These shows depict unsafe behavior and often on that point are no consideration about the consequence of on the use of alcohol, smoking and use of drugs.Alcohol and nicotine seem to be a favourite(a) among prime time shows illicit drug use is mostly represent in movies. Illicit drugs use and alcohol are hyped up in movies more so than in prime time, but some movies in any case send a message how drugs can lead to destruction and the contend to bastinado addiction. In 1995, The basketball Diaries staring Leonard DiCaprio portrayed the true narrative of Jim Carroll a teenagers struggle with heroin addiction whose only proclivitys are the impale of basketball and heroin. In The Basketball Diaries Jims the only escape from a dress hat friend that is dying and a coach who is a child pirana is heroin. In a downward spiral Jims addiction for heroin leads him into the streets where he steals, robs and prostitutes himself. It is only through a friend and his relentless pursuit of his desire for Jim to be clean that he overcomes his addiction and fulfills his dreams. The message in The Basketball Diaries relays how drug addiction can destroy your dreams lead you into a raceway of crime and self destruction. The message in this movie was a flesh out of how a lifestyle can easily be misled through the use of drugs and the struggle a person will have to take to overcome that addiction. This move portrayed a very effective message drugs can destroy all your dreams, lead you into a life where basically you would mete out your soul to get your next hit. It also showed the struggles to overcome addiction and how confirming your life can become once you decide to make positive choices in your life.As much as alcohol and drug use may be glorified in prime time television, in that location are also antidrug ads that try to educate parents and children on peer air pressure and the effects of drug use. In 1998 Congress created The National Youth Anti-Drug Media running play in collaboration with Partnership for a Drug-Free America the conclusion of this campaign is preventing and reducing young drug abuse across the nation. The important goal of this campaign is to create publicizings that deliver antidrug use and the dangers of that behavior to youths. According to The Partnership Attitude Tracking Study (PATS) 2009 in that respect is a coefficient of correlation between increased teen e xposure to anti-drug messages on television and a decreased likelihood of trying drugs over the past ten years. quaternary out of ten teens agreed that anti-drug messages made them more aware of the risks of using drugs and less likely to try the drugs (Drug Enforcement governance, 2010). In one of the many advertisement the campaign has produce, The Human Puppet the advertisement depicts a girl is passed out on a chair with her friends gathered around her, they are motion picture her face and have strapped her arms with scarves and are moving her hands as she is a puppet. The girl is in an unconscious state and never reacts to what her friends are doing to her they make reference to the fact that she is passed out and thrashed and that she will have a major headache in the morning. Eventually they walk away from her, liberation her slumped in the chair (The National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, 2009).This was an excellent advertisement, and depicted the reality of what can happen when you consume alcohol as a teenager and the embarrassing situations that you place yourself in. The advertisement also pointed out the reality of what your friends can and will do to you when you passed out from alcohol use. The one weakness that was mention in this advertisement was that some kids may think that it was more ridiculous than educational. There should have been more depiction of what can happen when a kid drinks too much alcohol such as loss of body function or alcohol related illnesses. Overall these campaigns have been shown to work The National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign began in July 1998 and its primary concentrate was on reducing marijuana use among adolescents. The data collected from the solution of PATS in 1998 compared to the data collected in 2008 shows that the use of the media campaign has importantly increased the teen awareness and decreased the use of marijuana in teens (Drug Enforcement Administration, 2010).The policies that are in place to deal with the portrayal of drug addiction are planned throughThe Office of National Drug harbor polity (ONDCP), the primary function of this office is to establish policies, priorities, and objectives for the Nations drug promise program. The goals of the program are to reduce illicit drug use, manufacturing, and trafficking, drug-related crime and violence, and drug-related health consequences (Office of National Drug Control policy, 2010). The policies that have been established for drug addiction are the following that were obtained from the Criminal Justice insurance FoundationAmericans For gumshoe Access (ASA) an aggressive grassroots campaign working(a) to push the provide administration off its anti-medical marijuana crusade and allow states the decent to conduct and govern medical marijuana laws.Common Sense for Drug constitution (CSDP) a non-profit organization dedicated to expanding discussion on drug constitution and raising questions about existin g law and educating the public about alternatives to occurrent policies.Criminal Justice Policy Foundation (CJPF) a non-profit foundation working on innovative solutions to problems facing the criminal justice system.Drug Policy Alliance (DPA) the nations leading organization working to end the war on drugs.Drug Reform Coordination Network (DRCNet) opposes the prison-building frenzy and supports rational policies consistent with the principles of peace, justice, freedom, compassionateness and truth.Human Rights and the Drug war a multi-media project that combines the stories and photos of Drug War POWs with facts and figures about the US Drug War, to confront the conscience of the American masses and encourage individuals to take action for social justice.Institute for Policy Studies (IPS) a progressive think-tank with a project on U.S. drug policy and U.S. amour in Colombia.Interorganized religion Drug Policy Initiative (IDPI) organizes people of faith to promote drug po licy reform i.e., moving from prohibition laws toward sightly and compassionate drug regulation, education and treatment.Judges Against the Drug War provides an abundant online database of judicial opinions critical of the governments War on Drugs. The database represents judicial dissent against drug prohibition in state and federal jurisdictions from 1970 to the present date.Law Enforcement Against breastwork (LEAP) current and former members of law enforcement who support drug regulation quite than prohibition.Marijuana Policy Project (MPP) works to minimize the harm associated with marijuana both the consumption of marijuana, and the laws that are intended to prohibit such use.Multidisciplinary joining for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) non-profit research and educational organization that assists scientific study of the risks and benefits of MDMA, psychotropic drugs and marijuana.National Drug Strategies Network (NDSN) coalition of organizations that offer information a bout drug control strategies.National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) a nonprofit public-interest advocacy group that represents the interests of the tens of millions of Americans who smoke marijuana responsibly.Parents Ending rampart Parents Ending Prohibition is a non-profit organization, designed to bring together parents and other concerned citizens to protect our children from the devastating harms created by our nations war on marijuana.Students for logical Drug Policy (SSDP) working to involve youth in the governmental process, and promoting an open, honest, and rational discussion of alternative solutions to our nations drug problems.Unitarian Universalists for Drug Policy Reform (UUDPR) a continental coalition of Unitarian Universalists leading the denominations efforts to coach and promote more just and compassionate drug policies (Criminal Justice Policy Foundation, 2010)In addition to these policies The federal official Communications Commis sion (FCC) is an independent linked States government agency. The FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 and is charged with regulation interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite and cable (The Federal Communications Commission, 2009). The division of the FCC that administers policies and license is the Media Bureau. This office controls what is viewed on television and although there are some limitations due to the First Amendment Act. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is another office that regulates how drugs are portrayed on television. The FDA monitors how pharmaceutical companies publicise their drugs on television. Pharmaceutical companies are allowed to claim the benefits of their product but they must also provide a website or referenced publications where consumers can take out more details regarding the products (Mosher Akins, 2007, p. 345). In 1994 The Dietary Supplemental Health and Education Act was passe d, this act established policies on the sale and advertisement of dietary aides on television.The influence that television has on our youth today is overwhelming and it is important that use of drugs, whether legal or wicked are monitored and regulated. The government as well as parents and guardians have a responsibility towards our future generation and it is important that we influence our children in the right direction.