Ronald Reagon Essay Example For Students

Ronald Reagon Essay Ronald Reagans Space Shuttle ChallengerSince the presidency of George Washington, the people of The United States have turned to the commander in chief in times of distress to receive assurance and hope. Kurt Ritter comments on President Reagans address to the nation given on January 28, 1986 saying, Perhaps no president could have fulfilled the countrys need to mourn and, then, to begin to heal as skillfully as Ronald Reagan (Ritter, 3). On that morning the space shuttle Challenger violently exploded while the nation watched live televised coverage of the shuttles launch. President Reagan was scheduled to give his State of the Union Address on that date, but instead he reached out the country in this time of mourning. He spoke from his oval office to heartbroken teachers, children, NASA Space Engineers, and the entire country. President Reagans reaction to the tragedy of the challenger guided the United States out of despair and into a new light of hope behind seven fallen heroes. I n this essay I will show that Reagan gave our country a new light of hope through his emphasis on Pathos but also incorporating Ethos and Logos in this memorable presentation. There is no doubt that the when the President of the United States speaks everyone listens to what he has to say. This credibility makes the Ethos of Reagans Speech almost unsurpassable. As mentioned Reagan was scheduled to give a State of the Union Address to our country on the evening of January 28, 1986. Instead, he postponed it, because the story of the day was tragedy. Here he wanted to give an upbeat speech about America moving ahead. It just didnt fit. It seemed in congruous (Weinraub). He showed the country that his priority is the emotions of his people by, for the first time in history, postponing on the State of the Union speech in order to discuss the current event. This strengthened the creditability of his argument immensely. He likened the astronauts to pioneers and stated in his speech that The y had a special grace, that special spirit that says, Give me a challenge and Ill meet it with joy. With this he appeals to the spiritual side of his audience using the word grace to describe the fallen. Again, The president concluded by attaching the nations sorrow to Gods grace (Ritter, 4). He said As they prepared for there journey and waved goodbye and slipped the surly bonds of earth to touch the face of God.' Reagans use of imagery, gave the people of the United States hope that there loved ones are now with God and gave them hope for a brighter future. President Reagan moderately used the appeal to logos in his speech but there were a few points that it was relevant. Logos was used to give the country background information on the space program when he said Nineteen years ago, almost to the day, we lost three astronauts on the ground. But weve never lost an astronaut in flight; weve never had a tragedy like this. He stated this information to convey to the nation that these types of tragedies do not occur often in our space program. He wanted to ease their minds of the thought that this would be a recurring problem. He strengthened the peoples support even furthur for the space program by saying that for 25 years the space program has been dazzling the country with its achievements. Reagan stated a coincidence or historical event that occurred in his speech as On this day 390 years ago, the great explorer Sir Francis Drake died aboard ship off the coast of Panama. He likened the dedication and pioneer efforts of Drake to those of t he deceased astronauts. The president used the logos appeal to strengthen the ethos and pathos appeal with facts and historical input. However, this appeal did add to the reaction of the audience toward returning their emotions toward a more stable state. .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 , .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 .postImageUrl , .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 , .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2:hover , .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2:visited , .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2:active { border:0!important; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2:active , .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Aztecs (430 words) EssayGiven the situation, a national tragedy, and the tone of President Reagans speech, the main appeal to the audience is pathos. After Reagan described the reason for his speaking to the nation on that evening he immediately began to describe the emotions of the day. He sensitively exclaimed, Today is a day for mourning and remembering. The tragedy of the Challenger was a disturbing subject to all and he stated to the nation, in this sentence, that the nation would mourn together and that no one person would stand alone in their sorrows. By remarking that he and his wife had been pained to the core by the catastrophe, Mr. Reagan established an elegiac tone (Apple). Through his personal connection, he showed the nation that it was acceptable to be emotional about what had happened. He proclaimed the accident as truly and national loss. One of the passengers onboard the Challenger was a teacher named Christa McAulliffe and because her presence there was an unusually wide interest in the space program, particularly among school students (Ritter, 4). Later in the speech President Reagan addressed the schoolchildren of America directly. I know it is hard to understand, he told them, but sometimes painful things like this happen (Ritter, 4). Then In a sincere, calm manner, he imparted the events lessen: Its all part of the process of exploration and discovery. Its all a part of taking chances and expanding mans horizons. The future doesnt belong to the fainthearted; it belongs to the brave (Ritter, 4). He explained to the children the reality of the situation and then asked them to be brave and not to grow fainthearted. He later gave t he nation a sense of hope for the future by announcing that nothing ends here. Reagans speech on the night of January 28, 1986 dramatically took the first step toward uniting the country in its grief (Ritter, 4). Ronald Reagan reached out to the schoolchildren of America and all other citizens of the United States to counsel them in time of tragedy. He gave hope to the nation through emotional and spiritual reference. He was effective in conveying his message but the way his thoughts were organized was in part ineffective. His speech is very unorganized, and he could have ordered his thoughts better. More importantly than disorganization though, Ronald Reagan reached out to a nation that needed him as there president. He gave the people of the United States hope and Reassurance, a task that the President has been expected to do since the beginning of our country. CitationsApple, R.W. Jr. President As Healer. The New York Times 28 Jan. 1986:A2. Ritter, Kurt, and David Heary. Ronald Reagan: The Great Communicator. Connecticut: Greenwood, 1992. Sloan, Thomas O. ed. Technical Communication New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Weinraub, Bernard Reagan Postpones State of Union Speech. The New York Times 29 Jan. 1986:A9.

Factors Among Recent Gestational Diabetes -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Factors Among Recent Gestational Diabetes? Answer: Introduction: The main purpose of the paper is to critically appraise two articles investigating about the factors affecting physical activity in pregnant and postpartum women and young adults perspective about smoking, quitting and Healthcare lifestyle in Vancouver, Canada. Through the use of appropriate critical appraisal tool, the paper gives a discussion on the key research problem presented in the articles and the strength and weakness of the article is proposing best solution to address the problem. Ethical issues in conducting research have also been examined and short summary is also presented about the implications of the study for health care practice. The report will have good implications for staffs working in health promotion and public health department. Tool selection: The CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) tool has been selected for critical appraisal of the article by Doran and Davis (2011) and Haines-Saah et al. (2013). The tool has been specifically designed to make sense of the evidence and follows stepwise questions when reading research articles. In accordance with different research design, there are eight types of CASP tool to evaluate research article. This includes systematic reviews, randomized controlled trial, diagnostic checklist, economic evaluation, qualitative checklist, case control, cohort study and clinical prediction checklist (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) 2018). For the two articles that will be appraised in this paper, the CASP qualitative checklist and the CASP cohort checklist will be used. The advantage of using CASP based tool is that CASP mainly specializes in providing critical appraisal skills, training and workshops, hence their tool can be a good source of guidance to check the research articles for validity, trustworthiness and relevance to the field of research. When new research come up in the field of health care, it is necessary to be aware of methods or questions to understand the real worth of treatment or interventions. Hence, the CASP tool is found useful in assessing whether the research has been properly conducted or not and deciding whether the results presented is reliable and trustworthy for target audience. The philosophy of CASP is sharing knowledge and the tools are readily accessible for day to day application in health care research (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) 2018). Critical appraisal: Critical analysis for article 1 After reading the article by Haines-Saah et al. (2013), it can be said that the research has a clear aim which was to consider young adults photo narratives about smoking and quitting and their links to healthy lifestyle in Vancouver, Canada. Research in this area is considered necessary because the national survey data of Canada has revealed that people in the age group of 20-24 years accounts for the highest number of smokers despite the decline in tobacco use in 10 years (Health Canada, 2010). Hence, knowing about young adults photo narratives related to smoking and quitting may help to develop effective strategies to support cessation of smoking in the group. Haines-Saah et al. (2013) choose to illuminate about the views of participants by the use of participant driven photography method and adapting qualitative research approach to conduct interview with them. The of qualitative methodology is considered effective for this research because the interview transcripts along with photographs can help in accurately categorizing research data and evaluating experience of participants in specific context. Qualitative approach is used in research when the aim is to uncover trends related thoughts and opinion of target group (Silverman 2016). The use of participant driven photography is also a novel approach as it can empower participants involvement in community development activities (Van Auken et al. 2010). The strength of the study by Haines-Saah et al. (2013) is that its method has full clarity because the author has explicitly discussed about the research design and rational for adapting specific recruitment strategy. For example, the author explained about the reasons for taking broader eligibility criteria and the need for participation in focus group after completion of interview. Clear justification about research design gives idea about research rigor and considerations made by researcher to successfully fulfill core objectives of research (Creswell and Poth 2017). Haines-Saah et al. (2013) had taken convenience sampling strategy to recruit participants for the research. The main explanation given for this strategy was that it was more convenient and this strategy enhanced accessibility to participants on the campus of universities. This strategy saves the time required in conducting research and choosing research participant in short time (Etikan, Musa, and Alkassim, 2016). The inclusion criteria of taking those who quit smoking within the last 30 days also helped to get valuable answers to the research question. The key strength of the research by Haines-Saah et al. (2013) is the detailed manner in which data was collected. For instance, the author gave detailed insight into method by which interview was conducted and participants were invited to participate in focus group. The rational for this step was also provided. For example, interview and focus group was necessary to marketing participants aware about research process, camera processing and ways to write about the content of the photographs. Interview helped to explore issues in greater depth. The form of data is also very clear because duration of interviews and mode of recording interview was also provided. This consideration enhanced the reliability and credibility of the study. The study by Haines-Saah et al. (2013) is a very good example to show how relationship between researcher and participants is considered in research. This can be said because author considered eliminating in data collection by using qualitative analysis programme. This programme helped categorize the data and it eliminated individual judgment of research in affecting study result. Such research can be easily replicated by others and can find true application in target group. The research by Haines-Saah et al. (2013) demonstrates full understanding about ethical issues in research as it fulfilled all ethical obligations in conducting research. For example, the researchers meth with each participants to give brief about consent form, aim of study, research procedures and waivers for use of photograph in research. Maintaining such kind of ethical norm is necessary while conducting research because it promotes the values needed for collaborative work such as trust, accountability and fairness (Roberts 2015). The data analysis process is rigorous yet clear. This can be said because data was generated after entering video transcripts, photographs, caption and field notes into qualitative analysis programme. This helped to categorize data into codes of lifestyles, identities, smoking history, quitting process and place. This further lead to two substance themes (Haines-Saah et al. 2013). Hence, the data was sufficient to support the findings and critically examine their validity in relation to research question. The research finding has been presented in separate heading according to the theme of impact of Vancouvers health culture on smoking cessation and role of outdoor space in providing opportunities for smoking and quitting. These two themes gave nuances description of adults views regarding smoking and quitting. It mainly gives the insight that health practices in young adults are influenced by separate socio-spatial context and there is a need target health culture of any area to promote smoking cessation. The participants narratives was covered in detail, however on major limitation in the study is that the no arguments has been given regarding any alternative outcome by comparison with previous research articles. This limits the validity of evidence and applicability in real context (Noble and Smith, 2015). The research is found valuable and applicable for use in the context of Vancouver only because socio-spatial context of different areas may be different. Hence, if the research outcome needs tobe applied in new population, there is a need to consider about health culture in those area. Critical analysis for article 2 Yes, Doran and Davis (2011, p. 79) mentioned about the goal of research which was to explore the factors that affect physical activity participation in women during pregnancy and postpartum period particularly in women experiencing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)and attention that pregnant women pays to physical activity. Research in this area is important because many evidence has provided that women do not achieve desired levels of physical activity during pregnancy (Zhang et al. 2014; Hayes et al. 2015). Hence, knowing about the factors that hinders physical activity may help in implementing appropriate and cost effective health strategy to promote physical activity. The findings will have relevance for staffs in primary care setting and those involved in health promotion related activities. To get answer to the research question, Doran and Davis (2011, p. 80) focused on evaluating beliefs about physical activity by conducting surveys with pregnant women and those experiencing GDM. The focus on this cohort was important because pregnant women are more prone to risk of GDM and physical activity is one factor that can promote health of women. The cohort was reflective of target population because all pregnant women even those with GDM were selected from local antenatal clinic Although Doran and Davis (2011, p. 80) has discussed about the use of survey method and convenience sampling to collect objective research data, however the research article lacks discussion on the rational for selecting specific research design. For instance, it gave idea using survey questions related to factors influencing physical activity and advice given on physical activity. However, the score were not evaluated by use of reliable tools. Hence, the classification was not accurately measures and this may lead to biasness in study outcome Yes, Doran and Davis (2011, p. 80) has mentioned about the strategy chosen for recruitment of research participants which was the use of convenience sampling method. It is a non-probability sampling technique that involved selecting people who are easy to reach. However, one major drawback found in reporting about recruitment strategy is that author has not given any detail regarding the reason for taking such strategy and the appropriateness of the sample for the study. This form of limitation creates ambiguity and hampers the quality of the study. As survey method was used for conducting the research, Doran and Davis (2011, p. 80) validated the development of survey questionnaires by critically reviewing past research on factors influencing physical activity participation during and after pregnancy. In this way, the survey method was made explicit and confounding factors affecting response was addressed The factors mentioned in past research became a guide for preparing close-ended questions for the survey. However, the discussion on the methods used for framing survey questionnaire is the only strength of data collection as the author has not addressed other vital parts such as justifying the methods chosen and taking any alternative strategy during the course of research. No consideration was also done by research to identify saturation of data. Such limitation hampers the credibility of the study. Sutton and Austin (2015) has showed that reflection before and during research process is necessary for researcher to provide co ntext and make things comprehensible for readers. In the study by Doran and Davis (2011, p. 80), no discussion was given regarding follow-up with participants after research. However, looking to identify and avoid bias would have helped in giving the opinion to reader that research was conducted in unprejudiced manner and the outcome of the research is fully reliable for application in real setting (Pannucci and Wilkins 2010). The results of the research were categorized on the basis of response received during pregnancy and after pregnancy and advice received by GDM and non GDM women. The rigor in data analysis is seen because the responses were measured on the basis of scores of yes, no or a lot. The percentage of samples giving response for each factors also demonstrated analysis process (Doran and Davis 2011, p. 81). Clear and precise statement of findings has been provided as Doran and Davis (2011, p. 81) showed that factors like lack of child care, time constraints and unwell feelings act as hinder physical activity, whereas family support, enjoyment in activities and intention to avoid later health problems facilitates physical activity. The findings is found to be reliable because the outcome has been compared by other research and compared in relation to research question too. The finding was found to be consistent with many past research (Evenson et al. 2009; Smith et al. 2005). The findings of the study is not considered reliable because the author has not considered about several confounding that could have an impact on study result. For instant, no consideration was made to choose specific recruitment strategy or analyze research data. Secondly, no information regarding briefing participants regarding research objective is hard to ignore as it may greatly affect participants response. The study by Doran and Davis (2011, p. 81). is considered valuables for its applicability in local population. It can help in planning lifestyle interventions promote health and wellness in pregnant women. The findings is likely to have direct impact on primary health care setting because it has the potential to facilitate partnership in care and taking multi-faceted strategies to enhance physical activity in pregnant women. The study by Doran and Davis (2011, p. 81) fits with other research evidence too because the study findings was compared with other research articles too and the findings were consistent with those evidence. For instance, Evenson et al. (2009) also showed that time constraints is a barrier to physical activity in pregnant women. The study Doran and Davis (2011, p. 81) has good implications for health care professionals to effectively interact with pregnant women and educate them regarding the ways to overcome barriers to physical activity. By the use of barriers and facilitators checklist, the manner of giving advice to pregnant women can be changed. It enhances health care professionals perspective related to physical activity counseling (Whitaker et al. 2016) Ethical issues: According to National Health and Medical Research Council (2015), analyzing risk and benefits of research, fulfilling general requirement for Informed consent and waiving conditions for consents are some of the important themes in research ethics. Secondly, there is a need to take ethical approval for research from Human Research Ethics Committee as part of research governance related activities. As diverse variety of participants are also selected for research who may have their own vulnerability, there is a need to be aware of ethical guidelines for conducting research with those groups too. By comparing and contrasting the quality of two research articles on the basis of National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Research, it can be said that the article by Haines-Saah et al. (2013) have addressed major ethical requirements in their research compared to Doran and Davis, 2011. This can be said because Doran and Davis, (2011) mentioned only about taking ethical approval for research a nd no other recruitment or inclusion strategy was provided to ensure that research ethics was followed. In contrast, Haines-Saah et al. (2013) is high quality evidence as it has fulfilled informed consent, confidentiality and waiving conditions for use of photography too. Summary of the implications of the appraised papers: The report gave critical insight into the strength and weakness of one qualitative and one quantitative research article. Both research had a unique area of focus and despite certain methodologies, there area certain important implications of the two research papers for practice too. For instance, in case of study by Doran and Davis, (2011) which focused on physical activity issues in pregnant and post partum women. The study findings has useful implication for health care professionals because they can use the checklist related to factors hindering and facility physical activity in pregnant women to effectively give suitable advice to clients. It may help to make pregnant women aware about the importance of physical activity not for pregnancy related outcome but also for optimal quality of life too (Miranda and Navo2013). The study by looked at examining the reasons for high smoking rate in youths in Vancouver by exploring their narratives related to smoking and quitting. The analysis of photos and notes from participants gave insight about the role of place and lifestyle in promoting healthy behavior in target group. Hence, study findings have implications for practice in health care and health promotion related activities. Therefore, if the focus is on targeting youths for smoking prevention, staffs can take the approach of facilitating participation of youths in culture of healthy living. Reference Creswell, J.W. and Poth, C.N., 2017.Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). 2018.Critical Appraisal management (CASP). Retrieved 17 January 2018, from https://www.casp-uk.net/aboutus Doran, F. and Davis, K., 2011. Factors that influence physical activity for pregnant and postpartum women and implications for primary care.Australian journal of primary health,17(1), pp.79-85. Etikan, I., Musa, S.A. and Alkassim, R.S., 2016. Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling.American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics,5(1), pp.1-4. Evenson, K.R., Moos, M.K., Carrier, K. and Siega-Riz, A.M., 2009. Perceived barriers to physical activity among pregnant women.Maternal and child health journal,13(3), p.364. Haines-Saah, R.J., Oliffe, J.L., White, C.F. and Bottorff, J.L., 2013. It is just not part of the culture here: Young adults' photo-narratives about smoking, quitting, and healthy lifestyles in Vancouver, Canada.Health place,22, pp.19-28. Hayes, L., Mcparlin, C., Kinnunen, T.I., Poston, L., Robson, S.C. and Bell, R., 2015. Change in level of physical activity during pregnancy in obese women: findings from the UPBEAT pilot trial.BMC pregnancy and childbirth,15(1), p.52. Health Canada, 2010. Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring SurveySummary of Annual Results 2010. Available from:?https://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/tobac-tabac/research-recherche/stat/_ctums-esutc_2010/ann_summary-sommaire-eng.php? Miranda, M.D. and Navo, C., 2013. Benefits of exercise for pregnant women.Journal of Sport and Health Research,5(2), pp.229-232. National Health and Medical Research Council.(2015).| National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2007) Nhmrc.gov.au. Retrieved 17 January 2018, from https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines-publications/e72 Noble, H. and Smith, J., 2015. Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research.Evidence-Based Nursing, pp.ebnurs-2015. Pannucci, C.J. and Wilkins, E.G., 2010. Identifying and avoiding bias in research.Plastic and reconstructive surgery,126(2), p.619. Roberts, L.D., 2015. Ethical issues in conducting qualitative research in online communities.Qualitative Research in Psychology,12(3), pp.314-325. Silverman, D. ed., 2016.Qualitative research. Sage. Smith, B.J., Cheung, N.W., Bauman, A.E., Zehle, K. and McLean, M., 2005. Postpartum psychology activity and related psychosocial factors among women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus.Diabetes care,28(11), pp.2650-2654. Sutton, J. and Austin, Z., 2015. Qualitative research: data collection, analysis, and management.The Canadian journal of hospital pharmacy,68(3), p.226. Van Auken, P.M., Frisvoll, S.J. and Stewart, S.I., 2010. Visualising community: using participant-driven photo-elicitation for research and application.Local Environment,15(4), pp.373-388. Whitaker, K.M., Wilcox, S., Liu, J., Blair, S.N. and Pate, R.R., 2016. Patient and provider perceptions of weight gain, physical activity, and nutrition counseling during pregnancy: A qualitative study.Women's Health Issues,26(1), pp.116-122. Zhang, Y., Dong, S., Zuo, J., Hu, X., Zhang, H. and Zhao, Y., 2014. Physical activity level of urban pregnant women in Tianjin, China: a cross-sectional study.PloS one,9(10), p.e109624.

Marxism And Economic Theory Essays - Economic Ideologies

Marxism and Economic Theory Human relationships have always been dynamic. Change and adaptability have gone hand in hand with the passage of time for human society. Systems have been developed to regulate, direct and control the resources of this society. The systems are referred to as governments and the resources as the populace or inhabitants and forces of production. A government must be dynamic in its nature reflecting the change in society. At times these systems have resisted the necessity to adapt with its components (Society) creating a deficit between the system and those it regulates. As the deficits develop, they cause instability, and could lead to revolution.1 Theories have been developed to explain the systemic phenomenon called revolution. This paper will discuss three modern theories and apply them to the English revolution of 1640. The first theory, developed by Carl Marx (Marxism), will address the economic evolution in English society. This theory will emphasize and explain how the shift from a feudal/mercantile system to capitalism affected English society. The second, called the Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT) developed by Charles Tilly, will explain how the English organizations (the Crown and the Parliament) effectively obtained, amassed and managed resources. Samuel Huntington's, "Institutional Theory", will argue that the existing government at that time was unable to incorporate the demands and personnel that the socio-economic changes created. Marxism was formulated in the 19th century. Carl Marx and his associate Frederick Engels observed the socio-economic changes that were transpiring in Britain. England was the dominant world power and had the largest industrialized economy during the 1800's. The development of the factory and the institution of the assembly line created a large demand for workers. This demand was satiated by migrating peasant from the rural areas in England and Ireland to developing urban centers. As these urban centers or cities evolved using industry as the economic backbone for the population, a large number of factory workers were accumulated to operate the machinery in horrid conditions. These workers, which would be termed as the peasantry under a feudal system, were now the working class or proletariat. They entered cities with hopes of bettering their lives and survival. Though revolution never took place in England during this period, it allowed Marx to study industrialization, urbanization and imperialism. The theory of Marxism has three basic concepts: historic materialism, forces of production and relations of production. Historic materialism is defined as a society's past performance and present capabilities of satisfying the basic means of life. Humankind's basic needs of eating, drinking and shelter need to be met properly. The forces of production (technology, capital, the infrastructure of society, etc.) are important for the simple fact of who ever controls them controls the society. The last aspect of Marxism, the relations of production, deals directly with the relationships between classes of people (the aristocracy, the middle-class and the working class).2 Marxism includes a predictive analysis of socio-economic structures. Using history, logic and the dynamic nature of humankind as guidelines, Carl Marx attempts to map out a sequence of events which will eventually lead to utopia (anarchy). In his work, Das Capital, Marx details the six steps. These steps are primitive socialism, feudalism, capitalism, socialism, communism and then anarchy. The evolution of the English economic system during the 16th and 17th centuries points to a shift from feudalism to capitalism. This shift is exemplified by the enclosures. The landlords began to fence their property in the common land areas. The "commons" were large plots of grazing and farmable lands that were used by both farmers and artisans. When the land-owners and manorial lords began to partition these lands the concept of private ownership of property was introduced to the socio-economic system.3 During the time period of the 16th and 17th centuries the crown's economic base began a gradual decline. This economic shrinkage came to a spearhead during the reign of Charles I. The monarchy favored a monopoly market system over a competitive one. The purpose for this position was for taxation and control of the profits. As the artisan and merchant populations increased, the policy of the crown began conflicting with economic growth. This created instability in three areas. First, the English

Purposes and Effects of the Electoral College

Purposes and Effects of the Electoral College Since the United States Constitution was ratified, there have been five Presidential elections where the candidate who won the popular vote did not have enough Electoral College votes to be elected as President.  These elections were as follows:   1824 – John Quincy Adams defeated Andrew Jackson1876 – Rutherford B. Hayes defeated Samuel J. Tilden1888 – Benjamin Harrison defeated Grover Cleveland2000 – George W. Bush defeated Al Gore2016 – Donald Trump defeated Hillary Clinton.It should be noted that there is a significant amount of evidence to question whether John F. Kennedy collected more popular votes than Richard M. Nixon in the 1960 election due to severe irregularities in Alabama voting results. The results of the 2016 election have brought forth a great deal of debate with respect to the continued viability of the Electoral College.  Ironically, a Senator from California (which is the largest U.S. state- and an important consideration in this debate) has filed legislation in an attempt to start the process necessary to amend the U.S. Constitution to ensure that the winner of the popular vote becomes the President-elect- but is that truly what was contemplated by the intent of the founding fathers of the United States? The Committee of Eleven and the Electoral College In 1787, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention were extremely divided about how the President of the newly formed country should be elected, and this issue was sent to the Committee of Eleven on Postponed Matters.  This Committee of Elevens purpose was to resolve issues that could not be agreed upon by all the members.  In establishing the Electoral College, the Committee of Eleven attempted to resolve the conflict between state rights and federalism issues.   While the Electoral College provides that U.S. citizens could participate by voting, it also gave protection to the rights of the smaller and less populous states by giving each state one Elector for each of the two U.S. Senators as well as for each member of the U.S. State of Representatives.  The workings of the Electoral College also achieved a goal of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention that the U.S. Congress would not have any input in the Presidential election whatsoever. Federalism in America   In order to understand why the Electoral College was devised, it is important to acknowledge that under the U.S. Constitution, both the federal government and the individual states share very specific powers. One of the most important concepts from the Constitution is Federalism, which, in 1787, was extremely innovative. Federalism arose as a means to exclude the weaknesses and hardships of both a unitary system and a confederation James Madison wrote in the Federalist Papers that the U.S. system of government is neither wholly national nor wholly federal. Federalism was the result of years of being oppressed by the British and deciding that the U.S. government would be grounded on specified rights; while at the same time the founding fathers did not want to make the same mistake that had been made under the Articles of Confederation where essentially each individual state was its’ own sovereignty and could override the laws of the Confederation. Arguably, the issue of state rights versus a strong federal government ended shortly after the America Civil War and the post-war period of Reconstruction. Since then, the U.S. political scene has been made up of two separate and ideologically distinct major partisan groups – the Democratic and Republican Parties. In addition, there are a number of third or otherwise independent parties. The Effect of the Electoral College on Voter Turnout U.S national elections have a significant history of voter apathy, which over the last several decades show that only about 55 to 60 percent of those eligible will actually vote.  An August 2016 study by the Pew Research Center  ranks the U.S. voter turnout at 31 out of 35 countries with a democratic government. Belgium had the highest rate at 87 percent, Turkey was second at 84 percent and Sweden was third at 82 percent. A strong argument can be made that U.S. voter turnout in Presidential elections stems from the fact that, due to the Electoral College, every vote does not count. In the 2016 election, Clinton had 8,167,349 votes to Trump’s 4,238,545 in California which has voted Democratic in every Presidential election since 1992. In addition, Trump had 4,683,352 votes to Clinton’s 3,868,291 in Texas which has voted Republican in every Presidential election since 1980. Further, Clinton had 4,149,500 votes to Trump’s 2,639,994 in New York which has voted Democratic in every Presidential election since 1988. California, Texas and New York are the three most populated states and have a combined 122 Electoral College votes. The statistics support the argument of many that under the present Electoral College system, a Republican presidential vote in California or New York does not matter, just as a Democratic presidential vote in Texas does not matter. These are only three examples, but the same can be stated as true in the predominantly Democratic New England states and the historically Republican Southern states. It is entirely probable that voter apathy in the United States is due to the belief held by many citizens that their vote will not have any effect on the outcome of the Presidential election. Campaign Strategies and the Electoral College When looking at the popular vote, another consideration should be campaign strategies and finances. Taking into consideration the historical vote of a particular state, a presidential candidate may decide to avoid campaigning and or advertising in that state. Instead, they will make more appearances in states that are more evenly divided and can be won to add onto the number of Electoral votes which are required to win the Presidency.   One final issue to consider when weighing the merits of the Electoral College is when does the U.S. Presidential vote become final. The popular vote occurs on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November every fourth even year that is divisible by four; then the Electors of the Electoral College meet in their home states on the Monday after the second Wednesday in December of the same year, and it isn’t until January 6th immediately following the election that the joint session of Congress counts and certifies the votes. However, this seems to be moot seeing that during the 20th Century, in eight different Presidential elections, there has been a sole elector who did not vote consistent with that Elector’s states popular vote. In other words, the results on election night reflect the final electoral college vote.   In every election where the individual who lost the popular vote was voted in, there have been calls for ending the Electoral College. Obviously, this would not affect the outcome of the 2016 election but it could have an impact on future elections, some of which might be unforeseen.

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