Engrave New Footprints In The Sand :: essays research papers

There were two strolling hearts that reposed on a huge rock at a near shore. As the sunset revealed its passion, they watched over the two sets of footprints they engraved in the sand. The scene had made them thought of eternity..two becoming one. There was heaven in their hearts and each step engraved a zeal of an endless love. But such heart-felt scene ended when the waves of the sea rushed towards the shore and washed the sand, leaving the sets of footprints unseen. Suddenly, the lovely sunset was covered with dark clouds and the soft breeze altered into a fierce wind. Heaven, then, became an illusion; the dream ended into a nightmare. And the rock were both of them once dreamt was left alone, all alone... When we fall in love, it is our great desire to let the feeling remain in hearts. Often, we feed this feeling by clinging to the other. Sometimes the demand for satisfaction is needed because of the fear of starving the heart. As we marvel towards the odyssey of our lives, we may pass to the point wherein our hearts become empty and longing. We feel the need to quench ourselves by seeking the oasis of love. Still, there are hearts that remain at lost and leave themselves to die and wither. Many of us find it easy to play the melodies of love, but when things get rough and out of tune, we would actually avoid it and sometimes, go silent. There is also a tendency to give up and escape from the reality. We must remember that the more we unravel the wonders of love, the more challenges we have to take. The sweetness of life's bitter can be achieved if we accept the challenges of love. This acceptance motivates us to grow.

Management Future: Water Management

Corporate water management: Risk for corporations – Opportunity for consultancy services Student Number: 440008 University of Portsmouth word count: 2646 (excluded figures, table of contents, references and executive summary) â€Å"This is to verify that this is my own work and that it has not been used in part in the assessment of other units in my degree† *********************** Executive summary: Water scarcity will be a vital resource for business in the future. In a report in 2008, it is indicated that water imports to UK accounted for 62% virtual water consumption [ (Chapagain & Stuart, 2008) ].It is predicted that the usage of water in agriculture will rise 30% in 2025 [ (Black, 2010) ] and water availability per capita has reduced by 5 times compare to statistic in 1950 [ (UNDP) ]. In correlation with the decrease in water supply, there has been significant increase in social concerns and customer attitudes toward environmental problems [ (Top of Mind Survey , 2010) ]. The water impacts on individuals, corporations, and communities have been realized and increasingly concern about over the same period.Water footprints, water supply-managements are identifiable practices which are introduced for public and private sectors [ (WWF, 2009; IBM, 2008) ]. However, despite the impacts of water issues, the business responses to the problems have been considerably weak [ (Barton, 2010) ]. At the same time, consultancy market has been indicated as a potential field of investment (Appendix 4). Triangulation of trends data suggests a potential market for consultancy service of water management.The article highlighted the business opportunities and profitability that it could bring which include: better knowledge of water supply chain to reduce environmental impact which is an essential value for business, understanding of water footprints practices hence improving CSR. It also proposed the main competitive advantages as low capital requirements and uniqueness of the services. However, it is predicted to have a reducing market share for the future. Low barrier of entries and the shortage in human-resource might be the main ressures. In order to examine this business opportunities, different sets of strategic and market analytical frameworks have been exercised aligning with discussion throughout the article. Contents 1 – Introduction:4 2 – Methodology4 3 – Trends data related to Water management5 3. 1 – Water – a scarce resource5 3. 2 – Escalating concern for social responsibility7 4 – Connections between trends8 5 – Future prediction8 5. 1 – Water scarcity – a worsening trend8 5. 2 – Demand for CSR trend10 6 – Opportunity evaluation and justification 11 – Conclusion12 References13 Appendices16 Appendix 1: Water stress map and Population density16 Appendix 2: Water and Water footprint17 Appendix 3: Opinion survey on climate changes (ONS, 2010)18 Appendix 4: Business Opportunity analysis20 1 – Introduction: Companies have been focused on â€Å"green washing† their images with environmental activities concern with fossil fuels, emission, carbon footprints, etc. But another major subject has been long omitted in this area however is water and water usage throughout the supply chain of the business.It is critical to understand that consumptions of goods and services play tremendous role in water preservation on a global scale [ (Ercin, Aldaya, & Hoekstra, 2009) ]. For the equality and sustainability in the future growth, better knowledge and insights to water management are required for businesses in order to achieve its CSR goals. Environmental consultancy services and business advisories, with timely response can play a proactive part in encouraging, promoting, and providing water management services for businesses in the near future.The service will focus on aligning economic growth of sustainabilit y with water preservation and other related-environmental problems in the business. The consultancy can also provide traceability service and educate traceability managers [ (Wylie, 2010) ] who can examines global supply chain through imports, exports, setting water standards, water footprint reporting, etc. The potential customers are massively wide-ranged from private companies to multinational companies as well as government and non-government agencies. Justification of business opportunity will be carried out in the last section along with the conclusion.The next section will briefly describe the research methodology of the study and key trends related. 2 – Methodology For this project, secondary data is used as the main source. Chris defined secondary sources as data which has been collected previously and reported by other people (2005). The secondary data are fact and figures from different environmental electronic source including United Nation (UN) website, Water Foo tprint Network (WFN) website and Office of National Statistic (ONS) website. Data about water footprint, CSR is from professional reports, and journal articles.Statistical and qualitative data gathered is the vital foundation to discussions of the business and triangulation of trends and figures. In fact, the major advantage of secondary data is its readiness for collection, extensive amount of empirical research are available in qualitative and quantitative forms from various sources. Secondary data are decoded and explained so that they are understandable and easy to read [ (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2009, pp. 195 – 200) ]. Secondly, it is inexpensive with information which cannot be easily obtained individually.However, limitations of secondary data are also considered. Secondary data are collected and analyzed for different purposes and therefore general and irrelevant to the topic of the project. Furthermore, data used in the research are collected variably thus its quality and reliability must be questioned [ (Francis & Wesley, 1963) ]. Primary data collection could be useful but will be costly and time-consuming for the project [ (Chris, 2005, p. 107) ]. Appendices provided statistics related to water footprint, opinion survey about climate change and other water-related data. Some of the figures and table will be irectly put into the content of the article for better explanation to viewer. There are a lot of strategic and marketing analytical frameworks have been used which are PESTEL analysis, Porter’s five forces, Longenecker’s opportunity recognition criteria (Appendix 4). 3 – Trends data related to Water management There are two main trends which are connected and interrelated to the business opportunity. There are also sub-trends discussed within each of the category to further analysis. 3. 1 – Water – a scarce resource â€Å"The Earth cannot withstand a systematic increase of material things. If we grow by using more stuff, I'm afraid we'd better start looking for a new planet. † (Spoken by Robert Shapiro) a) Water shortage Nowadays, problems with water have been a rising controversy for humanity. World usages of water have been quadrupled to 4000 km3 per years while population has growth 3 times in 60 years (figure 1). Major contribution for the increase is agriculture and a growing figure on industry and municipal water use. Figure 1: Estimated Annual water use of the world [ (Kirby, 2004) ] According to UN estimates, more than half of the world's population now lives in cities [ (BBC News, 2008) ].Population density map (Appendix 1) of UK shows an inextricable link of urban areas with water stress map (Appendix 2. 4). World supply of portable water declines, the density of population in urbanized area increases the inefficiency of water supplies and continuingly enlarges water problems [ (Cetron ;amp; Davis, 2008) ]. Human activities include industry, domestic u se, etc which could affect the water supply as well as other trends such as globalization and industrialization. [ (International Year of Fresh Water 2003) ] b) Water management – UK Case The amount of water used to produce food and goods imported by developed countries such as UK is worsening water shortages in the developing world† (Black, 2010) In the case of UK, import goods from other countries are contributing to the water shortage in other nations. According to Chapagain ;amp; Stuart (2008), 62% of the total water in the UK is accounted for by water from other countries, while 38% is used from domestic water resources (Appendix 2. 1) Previous data shows that water consumed by UK residents are averagely 152 litres per days from 1995 to 2008(Appendix 2. ). Nevertheless, the amount of water indirectly embedded in consumption are massively larger. Embedded water in 1kg of beef are 15000 litres while 1 chunk of cheese are 2500 litres; hence with this calculation UK co nsumers only see 3% of water usages they are accountable for (Black, 2010). From 1995 to 2001, 70% of water source are from import goods while 30% water of UK usage are self-generated (Appendix 2. 2). With the increasing trend of usage of importing water, water exhaustion will occur for the rest of the world. 3. 2 – Escalating concern for social responsibility ) Demand for social responsibility from customers and society. Consumers and society are growingly concern about climate and environmental issues. In an opinion survey of ONS, the number of UK residents who are worried about climate changes and environment is over 80% constantly from 2006 to 2009, 30% of people seriously concern about environmental problems (Appendix 3. 3). Nevertheless, the percentage believes environmental impacts to be top three priorities declined from 2007 to 2009 of 9% (Appendix 3. 1). This may due to a recession which introduced major economic problems during the period thus shifted societyâ€⠄¢s attention.On the other hand, 82% of respondents are ready to change their behaviour to reduce climate change’s consequences (Appendix 3. 3). b) Water CSR: responses for Business sustainability For businesses, CSR has been ranked 3rd in 2009 and 2nd in 2010 as concerning issues for consumer goods industry [ (Top of Mind Survey, 2010) ]. Friedman (2007) also identified in his article a strong link between good CSR and profitability of the firm. However, disclosures of corporate water performance from different sectors are surprisingly weak.From a benchmarking study of 100 companies [ (Barton, 2010) ] which examine water performance disclosure quality with a score range from 0 to 100 points, there is no company surpasses 43 points and the average highest score are achieved in mining sector with only 28 points (figure 2). Figure 2: Average score by sector of water disclosure quality from 100 companies [ (Barton, 2010) ] 4 – Connections between trends Water shortage and water-related stresses put corporations into potential problems. Recent reports of WWF and WFN (Or, Cartwight, ;amp; Tickner, 2008; Hoekstra A. Y. 2008) has identified four type of risk related to water issues that business could possibly face: * Physical risk: The shortage of water in the future will be a major problem for businesses. * Reputational risk: Disclosure, quality of disclosre, and other water CSR issues may be questioned by public thus damaging company’s image. * Regulatory risk: As water shortage is a global trend, government will introduce more strict policies and regulations on water resources. * Financial risk: The consequences of the above will be increase in cost/decrease in revenue. (Or, Cartwight, ;amp; Tickner, 2008)For CSR of water, Gerben – Leenes ;amp; Hoekstra, (2008) presented the â€Å"business water footprint† as total fresh water used directly and indirectly in a production process of a business. It categorized as 2 major type: ope rational water footprints which are water used directly in the operation and supply chain water footprint which are used indirectly. Barton, (2010) implies that reduction of water footprint should be part of business environment approach along with other methods like carbon footprints. International trade and business activities has a close link with local water depletion and pollution [ (Hoekstra ;amp; Chapagain, 2008, p. 8) ]. 5 – Future prediction 5. 1 – Water scarcity – a worsening trend â€Å"Forecasts suggest that when the world's population soars beyond 8bn in 20 years time, the global demand for food and energy will jump by 50%, with the need for fresh water rising by 30%. † [ (Black, 2010) ] Human activities especially agriculture will incessantly put pressures on water supply (figure 3). Climate change and population growth will burden agriculture to produce more which increase the demand for water while industry consumption of water will reduce as technology increases.Figure 3: projection of water usage in agriculture, industry and municipal Water availability is projected to keep a decrease for the future (Figure 3). Figure 3: Water availability per capita (UNDP) For a more depressing view, several projections illustrated that approximately 48 to 60 countries will face water scarcity by 2050 with at least 2 billion people in danger [ (UN-Water, 2010) ]. If the problem with water becomes critical globally, the UK development will also be influenced. Water imported to UK are majorly for agriculture products (Appendix 2. 2).The main source of water (virtual water ) in UK comes from imported goods and foods. 5. 2 – Demand for CSR trend Government in response to energy and environmental issues will impose strict regulations on corporate, industries will have more pressures for social responsibilities. Water responsibility should have a much wider-range of measurement and business should embrace a wider set of values to sustain economic growth in the future and prevent incoming water crisis. * Sustainability in future? Figure 4: risk over time associated with corporate water-related interventions. (WWF, 2009) ] In the time of government intervention and corporate responses to water-related issues and other mega-trends (Demographic shift, economic growth, and climate change), risks of water will decrease to a level that meet intervention level (figure 4). In fact, a sustainability future can be achieved with responsibilities shared for everyone [ (HMGovernment, 2005) ]. 6 – Opportunity evaluation and justification The growing concern of water scarcity and public interest in social responsibility are two main trends which will impose pressures to both policies makers and businesses.Pioneers with awareness to areas where water issues are most serious can express actual developments; and turn this to competitive advantage [ (Pegram, Or, & Williams, 2009) ]. However, in order to make clear a lignment between policies, water-based knowledge and corporate interests (shareholder values, profitability, CSR), there will be a gap for corporate water management developed whilst will encourage consultancy services. Water management consultancy service will have two main focuses: * Water footprints accounting practices for corporations Supply-chain water management The former will enhance business practices of CSR, assisting in building a green image for company and control, review efficiently and effectively the water supply-chain while the latter will analysis, evaluate and give advices to where business could improve its water supply chain. Both will be Unique Selling Points in consultant industry which other competitors do not have (auditors, financial advisors, etc). The uniqueness of the service and excellent quality will be main differentiations to competitors.There are insufficient data about market share and demand for consultant services presently; a primary data resea rch would be useful but the scope of this project does not allow. Nevertheless, the market demand are predicted to dramatically increase with the concerns about water-scarcity and social responsibility demand [ (Or, Cartwight, & Tickner, 2008) ]. Particularly, UK will require a wide range of knowledge about water supply-chain management. It is indicated via Porter’s five forces than 5 threats to this industry is considerably low (Appendix 4. 2) which can be explained by its service-nature and knowledge-based gaps.Nevertheless, in the long-term, demand for consultancy services could be decreased. Government regulations and business awareness increase [ (Barton, 2010) ] which may reduce water risks thus the need for consultant services will reduce. This will lead to the problem of sustainable profitability and development in the long-term of the business. Furthermore, reputation development will be crucial for consultant service to ensure quality, reliability and effectiven ess of the service provided. This is a long-term process which requires a lot of marketing and R&D funding.Another factor needs to be considered is financial side of the business. With small capital investment requirement, the investment in business is predicted to be low (estimation of ? 50. 000). With a small to medium-size enterprise which operates efficiently, business could have a payback time of 2 to 3 years and IRR rate amount to 10% cost of capital. However, what is critical is knowledge-based values (intangible assets), with the little people who can have water knowledge and corporate business knowledge about CSR and other consultancy areas combined.Training and Learning may be a problem for mid-long term development that business could possibly face. Last but not least, potentially large number of competitors could appear in the future. Demand for this knowledge gap of water will be filled with concerns about water crisis. IBM has run its program about water name †Å"smarter water management† to explore approaches to water management [ (IBM, 2008) ]. Master (Msc) course for water management has been introduced as part of education scheme for Unesco-IHI: Institute of water education [ (UNESCO, 2009) ].However this education development could as well turn into advantages when more water-managers are available to reduce bargaining power of suppliers. 7 – Conclusion In conclusion, with the water shortage as a predicted trend for humanity in the future and the demand for social responsibilities comes from society in which customers are the direct pressure. It is noticeable for firms and companies to have appropriate response to the problem in a global scale. Therefore, with the demand for water-management knowledge in the future, this would suggest that there is an unexplored field of water-consultant services for consultant industry.The uniqueness of the services provided by corporate water management package will be the main competit ive advantage for the companies as clients’ growingly concern for CSR. Low capital investment required, critical knowledge-based resources about water-management will contribute to the business success rate. However, the reduction in demand for the service in the future and reputation requirements will be the major issues that business may have to face in the long-term development. References Barton, B. (2010). Musky water?Corporate reporting on water risk: A benchmarking study of 100 companies. Ceres. BBC News. (2008, November 5). Retrieved November 17, 2010, from Growing Slums â€Å"face water crisis†: http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7708120. stm Black, R. (2010, April 19). BBC. Retrieved April 25, 2010, from UK water use â€Å"worsening water crisis†: http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/8628832. stm Cetron, M. J. , & Davis, O. (2008). 55 trends shaping tomorrow's world: Forcasts and implications for Business, Government and Consumers. Maryland: World fut ure society. Chapagain, A. , ;amp; Stuart, O. 2008). UK water footprint: the impact of the UK's food and fibre consumption on global water resources. WWF. Surrey: WWF. Chris, H. (2005). Doing your Master Dissertation. London: Sage Publications. Ercin, A. E. , Aldaya, M. M. , & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2009). A pilot in corporate water footprint accounting and impact assessment: The water footprint of a sugar-containing carbonated beverage. Delft: UNESCO-IHE: Institution for water education. Francis, R. J. , & Wesley, B. C. (1963). Research Methodology in Business (1st ed. ). New York: Harper y Brothers.Friedman, M. (2007). The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits. In Corporate Ethics and Corporate Governance (pp. 173-178). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. HMGovernment. (2005). Sercuring the future: delivering UK sustainable development policies. Norwich: TSO. Hoekstra, A. Y. (2008). Water Neutral: Reducing and Offsetting the impacts of water footprints. Delft: UNE SCO – IHE: Institution for water education. Hoekstra, A. Y. , & Chapagain, A. K. (2008). Globalization of water: sharing the planet's freshwater resouces. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.IBM. (2008). Smarter Water management. Retrieved January 20, 2010, from IBM: http://www. ibm. com/smarterplanet/uk/en/water_management/ideas/index. html? re=sph International Year of Fresh Water 2003. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 22, 2010, from http://www. wateryear2003. org Kirby, A. (2004, October 19). BBC news. Retrieved April 22, 2010, from Water scarcity: A looming crisis? : http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3747724. stm (2008). Living Planet Report. Gland: WWF for a living planet. Longenecker, J. , Moore, C. , Palich, L. , ;amp; Petty, J. (2005).Small business management: an entrepreneurial emphasis. (13th, Ed. ) Ohio: Thomson South-western. ONS. (2010). Public attitude towards climate change and the Impact of Transport: 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009 (January 2010 report). Office of Nati onal Statistic. Or, S. , Cartwight, A. , ;amp; Tickner, D. (2008). Understanding Water Risk – A primer on the consequenses of water scarity for government and business. WWF. Pegram, G. , Or, S. , ;amp; Williams, C. (2009). Investigating Shared Risk in Water: Corporate Engagement with Public Policy Process. WWF. Rickman, C. D. (2005).The small Business Start up workbook: A step by step guide to starting the business you have dreamed of. Oxford: How to Content. Salina, I. (Director). (2008). Flow – For the love of Water [Motion Picture]. Saunders, M. , Lewis, P. , ;amp; Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for Business Students (5th ed. ). Essex: Peason Education Limited. (2010). Top of Mind Survey. Paris: The Consumer Good Forum. UNDP. (n. d. ). United Nation Development Development. Retrieved from http://www. undp. org/ UNESCO. (2009). Education of master in water management. Retrieved April 17, 2010, from UNESCO-ihe: http://www. nesco-ihe. org/Education/MSc-Programm es/MSc-in-Water-Management UN-Water. (2010). Retrieved April 23, 2010, from http://www. unwater. org/ WWF. (2009). Water Footprinting:Identifying and Addressing Water Risks in the Value Chain. WWF. Wylie, I. (2010, January 9th). Jobs of the Future. Retrieved April 25, 2010, from The Guardian: http://www. guardian. co. uk/money/2010/jan/09/jobs-of-the-future/print Appendices Appendix 1: Water stress map and Population density 1. 2 Population density in the UK Sources: ONS (2003) 1. 2 Water stress in regions of UK Sources: ONS (2003)Appendix 2: Water and Water footprint Consist of 3 figures: Water footprint in UK, Water footprint versus water scarcity, self-sufficiency and water import dependency. Domestic water consumption in UK 2. 1 Water footprint in UK (extracted from WFN, 2010) | Water footprint| Water footprint by consumption category| | Total| Per capita| Consumption of domestic water| Consumption of agricultural goods| Consumption of industrial goods| | | | Internal water foot print| Internal water footprint| External water footprint| Internal water footprint| External water footprint|   Measurement: m3/cap/yr |UK| 73. 07| 1245| 38| 218| 592| 114| 284| 2. 2. Water footprint versus water scarcity, self-sufficiency and water import dependency per country period 1997-2001 (Extracted from WFN, 2010) Country| Total renewable water resources| Internal water footprint| External water footprint| Total water footprint| Water scarcity| Water self-sufficiency| Water import dependency|   | 109 m3/yr| 109 m3/yr| 109 m3/yr| 109 m3/yr| %| %| %| UK| 147. 00| 21. 67| 51. 40| 73. 07| 50| 30| 70| .| | | | | | | | 2. 3. Domestic water consumption in UK (source: ONS)Appendix 3: Opinion survey on climate changes [ (ONS, 2010) ] 3. 1 Percentage considering climate change to be the most important/in top three most important issues facing Britain 3. 2 Attitude to climate change and behavior change for UK residents 3. 3 How concern you are to climate change and environmental i mpacts Appendix 4: Business Opportunity analysis This part will consist of 3 figures: water management future – PESTEL analysis, water management consultancy market – Porter’s five forces anaylysis, Longenecker’s opportunity evalution criteria 4. 1 Water management PESTEL analysis.Corporate water Management Future – PESTEL AnalysisPolitical * Privatization of water has been demonstrated as a threat to water supply with concerns about politics, pollution, human right to access water and the threat of monopolization of water (Salina, 2008). * Sustainability development policies has been developed since 2005 by UK government (HMGovernment, 2005) which shows concerns of government about future environmental problems * Political issues between parts of the world will indirectly affect the supply of water especially to poor people. â€Å"Water war† as a black swan but actually happened in Bolivia in 2000 (Salina, 2008)Economic * Cost of water will go up as the water supply decrease, unstable supply of water will * Import/export goods will play a major role for water management in the 21st century (Chapagain ;amp; Stuart, 2008). Water consumption of developed countries outmatched other regions which is a serious misallocation. * Specialization, outsourcing will have major impact on water supply and quality.Agriculture, industry increasingly pose negative effects on water (International Year of Fresh Water 2003) * Businesses increasingly concerns about corporate social responsibilitySocial * Access to freshwater is a growing concern for the society. 1. 2 billion people are suffering from water shortage in 2009 (Living Planet Report, 2008) * Sanitation of water is an apprehension as diseases related to water are increasing. Changing attitude of community about climate change and water shortage in the future will * Water users does not realize the real amount of water they using hence exercise shortage of responsibilities * Drou ght, water-related epidemic are wild-cardsTechnological * Government spending on management and water preservation research * New method of calculating virtual water: water footprint * Water preservation practices * Innovations in water allocation, water protection methodsBreakthrough in technology, innovative discovery of water management can be a wild cardEnvironmental * Pollution of water reduce availability of water supply for humanity, chemicals from industrial activities cannot be fully absorbed by water lead to many other problems with the ecosystems * Carbon emissions, global warming: â€Å"According to UN-Water’s reports (2010) Global warming will be the cause of rising salinity level of water, sea level increases by 5 to 88 cm compared to 1990 figures.Consequently, it is revealed that 20% of water scarcity is responsible by climate change. * Water living stocks are reducing as rivers, lakes, other water sources deplete. (Living Planet Report, 2008)Legislation * The right to access fresh and clean water: Large non-government organizations (WHO, UN) set up policies and declaration that water is a fundamental source to life and health which people have the right to access regardless economic circumstances. * Control over import/export goods: Water footprint regulations on corporations to estimate virtual water| 4. 2 Water management consultancy market – Porter analysis (Content in the next page) 4. Longenecker’s opportunity evaluation criteria [ (Longenecker, Moore, Palich, ;amp; Petty, 2005) ] Market factors * The consultancy service will be based on business need to manage water-sources, it must be clear that firms start to realize the important of Water-related CSR. * Technology available (water footprints) but not widely adopted * Knowledge gap (corporate water management, manage water supply chain) Competitive Advantage * The product or service delivered must surpass competitors in some key areas. * Unique service provider: Wa ter management for businesses, footprint accounting. * Deliver long-term value in CSR for clients. Economics The financial feasibility of the project and the ability to grow and being profitable needs to be examined. (Rickman, 2005) ] * Possibly a very large market (apply for all corporation, organizations, and companies) * Low initial costs, setup costs, flexible. Management Capacity * Low capital requirement, small amount of management requires * Could operate as small business type. * Investigation of government policies changes, collaboration with resource-protection, environmental organizations (WFN, UN). * Marketing strategy aims for big organizations first then small and medium enterprises. Fatal Flaws * Business perception for CSR will remain limited (another short-term trend) ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Corporate social responsibility [ 2 ]. Robert Shapiro, CEO of the Monsant o Corporation which is a

The 21st Century Journalist s Creed Essay - 1474 Words

The 21st Century Journalist’s Creed â€Å"The Journalist’s Creed† by Walter Williams is one of the most important documents ever published for journalism. Its values of accuracy, fairness, and above all are still some of the main ideas of journalism today. But, much like other important documents throughout history, it is meant to be interpreted in different ways for different centuries. While its values still are very important in today’s journalism, it was written 100 years ago. It was written in a time without television, without the Internet, and without social media applications. Anyone with a social media application can â€Å"perform† the functions of journalism and it raises questions of accountability and accuracy for journalism as a whole. We must take a look at â€Å"The Journalist’s Creed† and rewrite it to include some ideas from the original and add others that can be used in the age of technology. Walter Williams highlights a few key ideas in his journalism creed, one of which is the profession of journalism. Truthfulness, objectivity, impartiality, fairness and accountability to the public are just a few of the main principles that go along with the idea of a professional journalist. Truthfulness is very important in journalism because they are here to serve the public and to give the public false information can lead to the decay of journalism as a whole. If journalists start putting out false ideas, or facts, then the citizens will start to question everything aShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay About Sports And Football1054 Words   |  5 Pagesin English from around 1300 being anything humans find amusing or entertaining.[9] Other meanings include gambling and events staged for the purpose of gambling; hunting; and games and diversions, including ones that require exercise.[10] Roget s defines the noun sport as an activity engaged in for relaxation and amusement with synonyms including diversion and recreation.[11] Nomenclature The singular term sport is used in most English dialects to describe the overall concept (e.g. childrenRead MoreFanny Fern : The Not So Humorous History Of Feminist Satire1529 Words   |  7 PagesFanny Fern: The Not So Humorous History of Feminist Satire In the 21st century, many women, myself included, take for granted that we can wear whatever we desire and say what we want, in public, without the fear of being thrown in jail. However, that was not always the case. While the fight for the continued advance of women’s rights rages on, women of the 19th century lived a very different life than the one, us women, lead today. The feminist agenda was just emerging on the horizon. One particularRead MoreMelting Pot6314 Words   |  26 Pagesâ€Å"golden door.† What lay behind it? What opportunities were imagined? What kind of life was imagined? How were these turn- of- the- century souls to become part of America? A Brief History of the Common School One powerful social institution that played an important part in the integrative process of immigrants, beginning in about the middle of the 19th century was the common school. Horace Mann, the first state school superintendent in Massachusetts and a strong advocate for a number ofRead MoreThe World Is Flat8659 Words   |  35 PagesThe World Is Flat A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century by Thomas L. Friedman First published: 2005 Table of Contents †¢ Key Figures †¢ Short Summary (Synopsis) †¢ Thomas L. Friedman - Biography †¢ Genre | | | | Chapter Summaries with Notes / Analysis †¢ Chapters 1 - 4 - How the World Became Flat †¢ Chapters 5 - 9 - America and the Flat World †¢ Chapter 10 - Developing Countries and the Flat World †¢ Chapter 11 - Companies and the Flat World †¢ Chapters 12 - 14 - GeopoliticsRead MoreHerbert Spencer Essay13142 Words   |  53 Pagesviews concerning a science of sociology are elaborated in two major works, Descriptive Sociology (published in 17 volumes, 1873-1934) and The Study of Sociology (1873). Spencer was particularly influential in the United States until the turn of the century. According to William Graham Sumner, who used The Study of Sociology as a text in the first sociology course offered in an American university, it was Spencers work which established sociology as a separate, legitimate field in its own right. SpencersRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanaging, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from theRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesprocess, inte nse competition for intellectual property, stringent government regulation and powerful purchaser pressures. How has this unusual picture come about? The origins of the modern pharmaceutical industry can be traced to the late nineteenth century, when dyestuffs were found to have antiseptic properties. Penicillin was a major discovery, and during the 1940s and 1950s RD became ï ¬ rmly 1 ‘IMS Health forecasts 5 to 6 per cent growth for global pharmaceutical industry’, IMS Health PressRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesmoney From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced

A Wise Man Once Proclaimed - 1559 Words

A wise man once proclaimed: â€Å"when injustice becomes law, resistance becomes duty† (Thomas Jefferson); an idea well reflected by our criminal justice system. For that one essential indicator that factor into the compliance of people with the law is that of the perceived legitimacy of the system and its administrators. More than its perceived effectiveness, it is the people’s perception of the fairness and impartiality of the system and its enforcers that help build its legitimacy. Thus, for an institution to be conferred as legitimate and result in the public’s adherence to its laws, it must engage in morality and objectivity. Similarly, the perceived lack of legitimacy in a system and its officials will also affect the public’s compliance with the law and result in disobedience. Born into a society regulated by legal authorities, men tend to take for granted the importance of laws and the legal system to society. Fortunately, the nature of life without laws is unbeknownst to men, aside from by mere theory. Thomas Hobbes, for instance, in his book Leviathan (1651) argues that in the â€Å"state of nature,† life would be â€Å"nasty, brutish and short† (Hobbes, 1651, p.78). For that in a state of nature, where no ruler exists and where all men are free and equal, life would be a war of all against all. People would continuously be fighting for the same limited resources and would thus be living in constant fear of one another. It is for this reason that having a sovereign is of utmostShow MoreRelatedEssay on Prophet Exegesis: Habakkuk1412 Words   |  6 Pagesfor future unscrupulous kingdoms and idolatrous people.1 Once the Babylonian empire overthrew Josiah, the King of Judah, Habakkuk began to compose a prophetic book, questioning the ways of God. Above all, Habakkuk could not comprehend why â€Å"the evil circumvented the just†2; he thought that the impiety of the world did not correlate with a supposedly just God.3 Throughout his narrative, this biblical prophet came to understand that â€Å"the just man, because of his faith, shall live† (Hb 2,4). EventuallyRead MorePhilosophy - Admission of Ignorance1556 Words   |  7 Pagesit be such. You know Chaerephon; he was my friend from youth, and a friend of most you, as he shared your exile and your return. You surely know the kind of man he was, how impulsive in any course of action. He went to Delphi at one time and ventured to ask the oracle – as I say, gentlemen, do not create a disturbance – he asked if any man was wiser than I, and the Pythian replied that no one was wiser. Chaerephon is dead, but his brother, will testify to you about this.† (Plato 25-26) SocratesRead More Oedipus and Creon in Sophocles Oedipus the King Essay1128 Words   |  5 Pagescompletely opposite people. Oedipus is brash and thoughtless, whilst Creon is wise and prudent. In â€Å"Oedipus the King†, Oedipus effectively portrays the idea of the classic â€Å"flawed hero†. He becomes arrogant and brash. He accuses Creon and Tiresias of treachery. Even worse however, Oedipus goes against the gods. This causes them to punish him severely. Creon is the exact antithesis of Oedipus. He thinks before he acts. Creon is wise and loyal. In Sophocles’ other play, â€Å"Antigone†, however, he undergoes aRead MoreEssay on Oedipus Versus Creon1141 Words   |  5 Pagescompletely opposite people. Oedipus is brash and thoughtless, whilst Creon is wise and prudent. In Oedipus the King, Oedipus effectively portrays the idea of the classic flawed hero. He becomes arrogant and brash. He accuses Creon and Tiresias of treachery. Even worse however, Oedipu s goes against the gods. This causes them to punish him severely. Creon is the exact antithesis of Oedipus. He thinks before he acts. Creon is wise and loyal. In Sophocles other play, Antigone, however, he undergoes aRead MoreVoltaire s Views Toward English And French Religion, Government, And Scientific Advancements1079 Words   |  5 Pagesits powerful expression of culture. In Voltaire’s letters, he acknowledges that even though everyone is allowed to practice their own religion, the â€Å"true religion that in which a man makes his fortune† is the Church of England. It was very difficult for people to obtain jobs in England and Ireland unless they were proclaimed followers. This especially depicted how powerful the Church of England was becoming. Many people converted for this reason. As a result, the gap between the two groups widened withRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of DickensGreat Expectations1595 Words   |  7 PagesGreat Expectations â€Å"A fool thinks himself to be wise, but a wise man knows himself to be a fool,† is a quote proclaimed by William Shakespeare. I compare the quote to the main character of Pip, notably because of, who Pip is and who he becomes. Within the story of Dickens’ Great Expectations, Pip has come across influences both negative and positive in some situations or from people. These influences called upon Pip would later change who he would become later in the story. Experiences faced byRead MoreYoung Good Brown By Nathaniel Hawthorne And Girl By Jamaica Kincaid1454 Words   |  6 Pagesdiffering views of each theme. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown the story revolves around a man named Goodman Brown who has set out on a journey to find the devil. His wife, the young and effervescent Faith tries to coerce Goodman Brown into staying with her and not going on the journey and Goodman Brown assumes that Faith knows the dark mission of his travels. Goodman Brown is a man of strong moral convictions which reveals a concept of morality being a weakness. This is revealed throughoutRead MoreJ.K. Rowling Proves Woman Dont Need a Man to Survive Essay764 Words   |  4 Pagesmuggle world. Not only has J.K. Rowling influenced many women around the world, but she also has impacted many peoples’ lives. J.K. Rowling was a single mother trying to support her only daughter. She proved to single women that she doesn’t need a man to survive. J.K. Rowling shows females that they are just as capable as men. An editor of Good Housekeeping said â€Å"Everyone felt J.K. Rowling was the one with the most influence across the widest audience. As a single parent who managed to cope andRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1080 Words   |  5 Pageshe was sent to Africa by his employer for work. At first glance, Mr. Kurtz just represents a normal but really ambitious man, who has worked his way up to become chief of the Inner Station. However, he also represents a highly refined civilized, European, moral self (Exploration of a Noble Savage, 2017). Appearance wise Mr. Kurtz is characterized as a rather tall, bald man with a rather large forehead. His voice suits his appearance because it is so deep that is causes almost everyone he speaksRead MoreGetting Up The Christmas Tree981 Words   |  4 Pagesbeautiful. And truthfully, I just wasn’t in the mood. The worst part to me, the very worst part, was stringing the lights on the tree. I had tried my best to organize my Christmas lights when I had taken them off the tree last year. I had checked them once, and then checked them again, to make sure they were working properly when I put them away. But I still dreaded the thought of having to put them on the tree. When my son reminded me that I couldn’t possibly fit a new pre-lit Christmas tree into

The Is The Witness Of The Times - 1475 Words

I partially agree with the statement â€Å"Literature such as poems, drama, mythology, and other forms that are clearly not non-fictional in nature have no practical use for historians who are interested only in hard, cold fact.† for a number of reasons. History is not as simple as finding a text and expecting its contents to be truthful and accurate. Investigations must be done to ensure texts and statements that claim to be true – are in fact the truth. The orator of Rome himself once said, â€Å"History is the witness of the times, the torch of truth, the life of memory, the teacher of life, the messenger of antiquity,† (Cicero, Preface xxvii). There should be proof backing the information to show that it is more than just propaganda written by those who have won a war or are trying to control the nation of that point in time. Even in today’s world we can see that a completely different light can be cast on the written reports or historical events simp ly depending on which political group or country is portraying the news. The textbook has a very different definition of propaganda and views it as an essential component to a freshly established government or regime and states that if the citizens or individuals are told things often enough, they will believe them (Virgil, p142). People often say there are different sides to a story; yours, theirs, and the actual truth. Poems, drama, mythology, antidotes and other forms of writing may contain bits and pieces of the truth symbolizingShow MoreRelatedTime And Time Again We Witness Minorities Fall Victim To1780 Words   |  8 PagesTime and time again we witness minorities fall victim to the cycle of poverty and violence. As each generation passes by, they are unable to release themselves of the conditions they grew up with and are familiar with. Based on a 2016 survey, it revealed that there were nearly three times as many blacks and Latinos living in poverty in the U.S compared to whites (Poverty Rate by Race/Ethnicity). With statistics like these, it leads me to wonder why minorities are more likely to live a life of povertyRead MoreDetermining The Accuracy Of Testimony Of Eyewitnesses?1166 Words   |  5 Pagesevaluating the accuracy of testimony of eyewitnesses; if the witness was able to see the offender, the level of the witness’s attention, how accurately the witness described the offender, the witness’s confidence, and the amount of time between seeing the crime and testifying against the perpetrator (Costanzo Krauss, 2015, p. 142). It’s important to consider if the witness was able to actually see the offender. The level of attention the witness had should also be considered. The witnesses’ ability toRead MoreExamination Is An Activity To Obtain Information, Clarification1472 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom the defendant, the witness, the expert on evidence and other criminal elements that occurred, so the position or role of the individual or evidence in the related case will become clear and stated in Minutes of Investigation (BAP). 4.5 Examiner is the officer who has the authority to conduct examination, either as investigator or supporting investigator in the company. 4.6 Interrogation is one of examination techniques to investigate the defendant /suspect and witness in a criminal act or abuse/harassmentRead MoreThe Difference between Interviews and Interrogations1160 Words   |  5 Pagesof: Who, what, when, where, why, and how. Investigators must also identify the types of witness; each witness can be classified as friendly, neutral, or hostile. An open-ended question allows the witness to answer in an unstructured manner, while a closed-ended question aims to verify the truth of a particular statement, obtain more evidence, or find more witnesses. Closed-ended questions may require the witness to recall details of the crime; or a simple yes/no answer. An example of a closed-endedRead MoreAn Examination Of Post Event Information ( Pei )1545 Words   |  7 Pagesalter their memory reports to coincide with other witnesses’ reports (Goodwin K.A. et al., 2013, pg. 91). If a co-witness is a friend or family then an individual is even more likely to conform to their views than they would be if the co-witness was a stranger. Kieckhaefer and Wright also found evidence that another factor that increases a witnesses memory conformity is if the co-witness is likable(Kieckhaefer, J.M. Wright, D.B., 2015, pg. 463). There have been multiple studies conducted where researchersRead MoreJehovah s Witness Home Has Its Ups And Its Dow ns1670 Words   |  7 PagesGrowing up in a Jehovah s Witness home has its ups and its downs. Whether your parents are Jehovah s Witnesses or they started having a bible study, there are plenty of up sides and down sides. Religion is a strange thing to deal with; it is also a choice for each and every individual on this planet. As a Jehovah s Witness, you must put gods will first, before anything. In the publications â€Å"Questions Young People Ask: Answers That Work† Volumes from The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of NewRead More2.3 Conclusion:. The Aim Of Criminal Law Is To Protect1463 Words   |  6 Pages --- Herbert Wechsler Since there was no criminal law in uncivilized society, hence the law of revenge was the only source of justice. With the advancement of time, more peaceful methods came to be accepted by the society for criminal justice. For example compensation became one of those methods of justice. For a long time the application of these principles remained with the concerned parties themselves, but gradually, the state took over to perform these functions. Post independence andRead MoreA Brief Note On Criminology : Group Project Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pages Criminology: Group Project Name Institution Expert Witness An expert is a witness who has a knowledge or experience in a particular field that is beyond that of a layman. This knowledge and experience enable the particular expert witness to testify on regards to an issue that requires expertise to comprehend. To become an expert witness, a number of qualities must be possessed by the witness including, and not limited to, the number of years they have practiced their expertiseRead MoreA Brief Note On Jehovah s Witness Cultural Assessment1483 Words   |  6 Pages Cultural Assessment Jerrica Schelhorn Bemidji State University Jehovah’s Witness Cultural Assessment Family, heritage, ethnicity, beliefs, values, knowledge, experiences, attitudes, religion, education, roles, language, and cuisine are all items encompassing culture. Culture is what influences your outlook on life itself as well as behaviors and rituals. Culture is the way different groups of people do things. While some cultures have overlapping cultural behaviors or aspects, most culturesRead MoreExamining The Factors That Influence Eyewitness Testimony1257 Words   |  6 PagesEyewitness testimony is the account of the witness of a certain event or incident. Throughout, the witness is enforced to provide their experience to the court in order to take legal action towards the incident. It is considered a very useful tool in courts. Yet, such a way to find out the truth is unreliable as many witnesses fail to contribute in a positive way to grant courts accurate data of the incident. This essay will be discussing the factors that influence eyewitness testimony including

Ronald Reagon Essay Example For Students

Ronald Reagon Essay Ronald Reagans Space Shuttle ChallengerSince the presidency of George Washington, the people of The United States have turned to the commander in chief in times of distress to receive assurance and hope. Kurt Ritter comments on President Reagans address to the nation given on January 28, 1986 saying, Perhaps no president could have fulfilled the countrys need to mourn and, then, to begin to heal as skillfully as Ronald Reagan (Ritter, 3). On that morning the space shuttle Challenger violently exploded while the nation watched live televised coverage of the shuttles launch. President Reagan was scheduled to give his State of the Union Address on that date, but instead he reached out the country in this time of mourning. He spoke from his oval office to heartbroken teachers, children, NASA Space Engineers, and the entire country. President Reagans reaction to the tragedy of the challenger guided the United States out of despair and into a new light of hope behind seven fallen heroes. I n this essay I will show that Reagan gave our country a new light of hope through his emphasis on Pathos but also incorporating Ethos and Logos in this memorable presentation. There is no doubt that the when the President of the United States speaks everyone listens to what he has to say. This credibility makes the Ethos of Reagans Speech almost unsurpassable. As mentioned Reagan was scheduled to give a State of the Union Address to our country on the evening of January 28, 1986. Instead, he postponed it, because the story of the day was tragedy. Here he wanted to give an upbeat speech about America moving ahead. It just didnt fit. It seemed in congruous (Weinraub). He showed the country that his priority is the emotions of his people by, for the first time in history, postponing on the State of the Union speech in order to discuss the current event. This strengthened the creditability of his argument immensely. He likened the astronauts to pioneers and stated in his speech that The y had a special grace, that special spirit that says, Give me a challenge and Ill meet it with joy. With this he appeals to the spiritual side of his audience using the word grace to describe the fallen. Again, The president concluded by attaching the nations sorrow to Gods grace (Ritter, 4). He said As they prepared for there journey and waved goodbye and slipped the surly bonds of earth to touch the face of God.' Reagans use of imagery, gave the people of the United States hope that there loved ones are now with God and gave them hope for a brighter future. President Reagan moderately used the appeal to logos in his speech but there were a few points that it was relevant. Logos was used to give the country background information on the space program when he said Nineteen years ago, almost to the day, we lost three astronauts on the ground. But weve never lost an astronaut in flight; weve never had a tragedy like this. He stated this information to convey to the nation that these types of tragedies do not occur often in our space program. He wanted to ease their minds of the thought that this would be a recurring problem. He strengthened the peoples support even furthur for the space program by saying that for 25 years the space program has been dazzling the country with its achievements. Reagan stated a coincidence or historical event that occurred in his speech as On this day 390 years ago, the great explorer Sir Francis Drake died aboard ship off the coast of Panama. He likened the dedication and pioneer efforts of Drake to those of t he deceased astronauts. The president used the logos appeal to strengthen the ethos and pathos appeal with facts and historical input. However, this appeal did add to the reaction of the audience toward returning their emotions toward a more stable state. .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 , .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 .postImageUrl , .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 , .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2:hover , .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2:visited , .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2:active { border:0!important; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2:active , .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2 .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u59a8322938ebbb488edcca670eb6cdf2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Aztecs (430 words) EssayGiven the situation, a national tragedy, and the tone of President Reagans speech, the main appeal to the audience is pathos. After Reagan described the reason for his speaking to the nation on that evening he immediately began to describe the emotions of the day. He sensitively exclaimed, Today is a day for mourning and remembering. The tragedy of the Challenger was a disturbing subject to all and he stated to the nation, in this sentence, that the nation would mourn together and that no one person would stand alone in their sorrows. By remarking that he and his wife had been pained to the core by the catastrophe, Mr. Reagan established an elegiac tone (Apple). Through his personal connection, he showed the nation that it was acceptable to be emotional about what had happened. He proclaimed the accident as truly and national loss. One of the passengers onboard the Challenger was a teacher named Christa McAulliffe and because her presence there was an unusually wide interest in the space program, particularly among school students (Ritter, 4). Later in the speech President Reagan addressed the schoolchildren of America directly. I know it is hard to understand, he told them, but sometimes painful things like this happen (Ritter, 4). Then In a sincere, calm manner, he imparted the events lessen: Its all part of the process of exploration and discovery. Its all a part of taking chances and expanding mans horizons. The future doesnt belong to the fainthearted; it belongs to the brave (Ritter, 4). He explained to the children the reality of the situation and then asked them to be brave and not to grow fainthearted. He later gave t he nation a sense of hope for the future by announcing that nothing ends here. Reagans speech on the night of January 28, 1986 dramatically took the first step toward uniting the country in its grief (Ritter, 4). Ronald Reagan reached out to the schoolchildren of America and all other citizens of the United States to counsel them in time of tragedy. He gave hope to the nation through emotional and spiritual reference. He was effective in conveying his message but the way his thoughts were organized was in part ineffective. His speech is very unorganized, and he could have ordered his thoughts better. More importantly than disorganization though, Ronald Reagan reached out to a nation that needed him as there president. He gave the people of the United States hope and Reassurance, a task that the President has been expected to do since the beginning of our country. CitationsApple, R.W. Jr. President As Healer. The New York Times 28 Jan. 1986:A2. Ritter, Kurt, and David Heary. Ronald Reagan: The Great Communicator. Connecticut: Greenwood, 1992. Sloan, Thomas O. ed. Technical Communication New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Weinraub, Bernard Reagan Postpones State of Union Speech. The New York Times 29 Jan. 1986:A9.

Factors Among Recent Gestational Diabetes -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Factors Among Recent Gestational Diabetes? Answer: Introduction: The main purpose of the paper is to critically appraise two articles investigating about the factors affecting physical activity in pregnant and postpartum women and young adults perspective about smoking, quitting and Healthcare lifestyle in Vancouver, Canada. Through the use of appropriate critical appraisal tool, the paper gives a discussion on the key research problem presented in the articles and the strength and weakness of the article is proposing best solution to address the problem. Ethical issues in conducting research have also been examined and short summary is also presented about the implications of the study for health care practice. The report will have good implications for staffs working in health promotion and public health department. Tool selection: The CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) tool has been selected for critical appraisal of the article by Doran and Davis (2011) and Haines-Saah et al. (2013). The tool has been specifically designed to make sense of the evidence and follows stepwise questions when reading research articles. In accordance with different research design, there are eight types of CASP tool to evaluate research article. This includes systematic reviews, randomized controlled trial, diagnostic checklist, economic evaluation, qualitative checklist, case control, cohort study and clinical prediction checklist (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) 2018). For the two articles that will be appraised in this paper, the CASP qualitative checklist and the CASP cohort checklist will be used. The advantage of using CASP based tool is that CASP mainly specializes in providing critical appraisal skills, training and workshops, hence their tool can be a good source of guidance to check the research articles for validity, trustworthiness and relevance to the field of research. When new research come up in the field of health care, it is necessary to be aware of methods or questions to understand the real worth of treatment or interventions. Hence, the CASP tool is found useful in assessing whether the research has been properly conducted or not and deciding whether the results presented is reliable and trustworthy for target audience. The philosophy of CASP is sharing knowledge and the tools are readily accessible for day to day application in health care research (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) 2018). Critical appraisal: Critical analysis for article 1 After reading the article by Haines-Saah et al. (2013), it can be said that the research has a clear aim which was to consider young adults photo narratives about smoking and quitting and their links to healthy lifestyle in Vancouver, Canada. Research in this area is considered necessary because the national survey data of Canada has revealed that people in the age group of 20-24 years accounts for the highest number of smokers despite the decline in tobacco use in 10 years (Health Canada, 2010). Hence, knowing about young adults photo narratives related to smoking and quitting may help to develop effective strategies to support cessation of smoking in the group. Haines-Saah et al. (2013) choose to illuminate about the views of participants by the use of participant driven photography method and adapting qualitative research approach to conduct interview with them. The of qualitative methodology is considered effective for this research because the interview transcripts along with photographs can help in accurately categorizing research data and evaluating experience of participants in specific context. Qualitative approach is used in research when the aim is to uncover trends related thoughts and opinion of target group (Silverman 2016). The use of participant driven photography is also a novel approach as it can empower participants involvement in community development activities (Van Auken et al. 2010). The strength of the study by Haines-Saah et al. (2013) is that its method has full clarity because the author has explicitly discussed about the research design and rational for adapting specific recruitment strategy. For example, the author explained about the reasons for taking broader eligibility criteria and the need for participation in focus group after completion of interview. Clear justification about research design gives idea about research rigor and considerations made by researcher to successfully fulfill core objectives of research (Creswell and Poth 2017). Haines-Saah et al. (2013) had taken convenience sampling strategy to recruit participants for the research. The main explanation given for this strategy was that it was more convenient and this strategy enhanced accessibility to participants on the campus of universities. This strategy saves the time required in conducting research and choosing research participant in short time (Etikan, Musa, and Alkassim, 2016). The inclusion criteria of taking those who quit smoking within the last 30 days also helped to get valuable answers to the research question. The key strength of the research by Haines-Saah et al. (2013) is the detailed manner in which data was collected. For instance, the author gave detailed insight into method by which interview was conducted and participants were invited to participate in focus group. The rational for this step was also provided. For example, interview and focus group was necessary to marketing participants aware about research process, camera processing and ways to write about the content of the photographs. Interview helped to explore issues in greater depth. The form of data is also very clear because duration of interviews and mode of recording interview was also provided. This consideration enhanced the reliability and credibility of the study. The study by Haines-Saah et al. (2013) is a very good example to show how relationship between researcher and participants is considered in research. This can be said because author considered eliminating in data collection by using qualitative analysis programme. This programme helped categorize the data and it eliminated individual judgment of research in affecting study result. Such research can be easily replicated by others and can find true application in target group. The research by Haines-Saah et al. (2013) demonstrates full understanding about ethical issues in research as it fulfilled all ethical obligations in conducting research. For example, the researchers meth with each participants to give brief about consent form, aim of study, research procedures and waivers for use of photograph in research. Maintaining such kind of ethical norm is necessary while conducting research because it promotes the values needed for collaborative work such as trust, accountability and fairness (Roberts 2015). The data analysis process is rigorous yet clear. This can be said because data was generated after entering video transcripts, photographs, caption and field notes into qualitative analysis programme. This helped to categorize data into codes of lifestyles, identities, smoking history, quitting process and place. This further lead to two substance themes (Haines-Saah et al. 2013). Hence, the data was sufficient to support the findings and critically examine their validity in relation to research question. The research finding has been presented in separate heading according to the theme of impact of Vancouvers health culture on smoking cessation and role of outdoor space in providing opportunities for smoking and quitting. These two themes gave nuances description of adults views regarding smoking and quitting. It mainly gives the insight that health practices in young adults are influenced by separate socio-spatial context and there is a need target health culture of any area to promote smoking cessation. The participants narratives was covered in detail, however on major limitation in the study is that the no arguments has been given regarding any alternative outcome by comparison with previous research articles. This limits the validity of evidence and applicability in real context (Noble and Smith, 2015). The research is found valuable and applicable for use in the context of Vancouver only because socio-spatial context of different areas may be different. Hence, if the research outcome needs tobe applied in new population, there is a need to consider about health culture in those area. Critical analysis for article 2 Yes, Doran and Davis (2011, p. 79) mentioned about the goal of research which was to explore the factors that affect physical activity participation in women during pregnancy and postpartum period particularly in women experiencing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)and attention that pregnant women pays to physical activity. Research in this area is important because many evidence has provided that women do not achieve desired levels of physical activity during pregnancy (Zhang et al. 2014; Hayes et al. 2015). Hence, knowing about the factors that hinders physical activity may help in implementing appropriate and cost effective health strategy to promote physical activity. The findings will have relevance for staffs in primary care setting and those involved in health promotion related activities. To get answer to the research question, Doran and Davis (2011, p. 80) focused on evaluating beliefs about physical activity by conducting surveys with pregnant women and those experiencing GDM. The focus on this cohort was important because pregnant women are more prone to risk of GDM and physical activity is one factor that can promote health of women. The cohort was reflective of target population because all pregnant women even those with GDM were selected from local antenatal clinic Although Doran and Davis (2011, p. 80) has discussed about the use of survey method and convenience sampling to collect objective research data, however the research article lacks discussion on the rational for selecting specific research design. For instance, it gave idea using survey questions related to factors influencing physical activity and advice given on physical activity. However, the score were not evaluated by use of reliable tools. Hence, the classification was not accurately measures and this may lead to biasness in study outcome Yes, Doran and Davis (2011, p. 80) has mentioned about the strategy chosen for recruitment of research participants which was the use of convenience sampling method. It is a non-probability sampling technique that involved selecting people who are easy to reach. However, one major drawback found in reporting about recruitment strategy is that author has not given any detail regarding the reason for taking such strategy and the appropriateness of the sample for the study. This form of limitation creates ambiguity and hampers the quality of the study. As survey method was used for conducting the research, Doran and Davis (2011, p. 80) validated the development of survey questionnaires by critically reviewing past research on factors influencing physical activity participation during and after pregnancy. In this way, the survey method was made explicit and confounding factors affecting response was addressed The factors mentioned in past research became a guide for preparing close-ended questions for the survey. However, the discussion on the methods used for framing survey questionnaire is the only strength of data collection as the author has not addressed other vital parts such as justifying the methods chosen and taking any alternative strategy during the course of research. No consideration was also done by research to identify saturation of data. Such limitation hampers the credibility of the study. Sutton and Austin (2015) has showed that reflection before and during research process is necessary for researcher to provide co ntext and make things comprehensible for readers. In the study by Doran and Davis (2011, p. 80), no discussion was given regarding follow-up with participants after research. However, looking to identify and avoid bias would have helped in giving the opinion to reader that research was conducted in unprejudiced manner and the outcome of the research is fully reliable for application in real setting (Pannucci and Wilkins 2010). The results of the research were categorized on the basis of response received during pregnancy and after pregnancy and advice received by GDM and non GDM women. The rigor in data analysis is seen because the responses were measured on the basis of scores of yes, no or a lot. The percentage of samples giving response for each factors also demonstrated analysis process (Doran and Davis 2011, p. 81). Clear and precise statement of findings has been provided as Doran and Davis (2011, p. 81) showed that factors like lack of child care, time constraints and unwell feelings act as hinder physical activity, whereas family support, enjoyment in activities and intention to avoid later health problems facilitates physical activity. The findings is found to be reliable because the outcome has been compared by other research and compared in relation to research question too. The finding was found to be consistent with many past research (Evenson et al. 2009; Smith et al. 2005). The findings of the study is not considered reliable because the author has not considered about several confounding that could have an impact on study result. For instant, no consideration was made to choose specific recruitment strategy or analyze research data. Secondly, no information regarding briefing participants regarding research objective is hard to ignore as it may greatly affect participants response. The study by Doran and Davis (2011, p. 81). is considered valuables for its applicability in local population. It can help in planning lifestyle interventions promote health and wellness in pregnant women. The findings is likely to have direct impact on primary health care setting because it has the potential to facilitate partnership in care and taking multi-faceted strategies to enhance physical activity in pregnant women. The study by Doran and Davis (2011, p. 81) fits with other research evidence too because the study findings was compared with other research articles too and the findings were consistent with those evidence. For instance, Evenson et al. (2009) also showed that time constraints is a barrier to physical activity in pregnant women. The study Doran and Davis (2011, p. 81) has good implications for health care professionals to effectively interact with pregnant women and educate them regarding the ways to overcome barriers to physical activity. By the use of barriers and facilitators checklist, the manner of giving advice to pregnant women can be changed. It enhances health care professionals perspective related to physical activity counseling (Whitaker et al. 2016) Ethical issues: According to National Health and Medical Research Council (2015), analyzing risk and benefits of research, fulfilling general requirement for Informed consent and waiving conditions for consents are some of the important themes in research ethics. Secondly, there is a need to take ethical approval for research from Human Research Ethics Committee as part of research governance related activities. As diverse variety of participants are also selected for research who may have their own vulnerability, there is a need to be aware of ethical guidelines for conducting research with those groups too. By comparing and contrasting the quality of two research articles on the basis of National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Research, it can be said that the article by Haines-Saah et al. (2013) have addressed major ethical requirements in their research compared to Doran and Davis, 2011. This can be said because Doran and Davis, (2011) mentioned only about taking ethical approval for research a nd no other recruitment or inclusion strategy was provided to ensure that research ethics was followed. In contrast, Haines-Saah et al. (2013) is high quality evidence as it has fulfilled informed consent, confidentiality and waiving conditions for use of photography too. Summary of the implications of the appraised papers: The report gave critical insight into the strength and weakness of one qualitative and one quantitative research article. Both research had a unique area of focus and despite certain methodologies, there area certain important implications of the two research papers for practice too. For instance, in case of study by Doran and Davis, (2011) which focused on physical activity issues in pregnant and post partum women. The study findings has useful implication for health care professionals because they can use the checklist related to factors hindering and facility physical activity in pregnant women to effectively give suitable advice to clients. It may help to make pregnant women aware about the importance of physical activity not for pregnancy related outcome but also for optimal quality of life too (Miranda and Navo2013). The study by looked at examining the reasons for high smoking rate in youths in Vancouver by exploring their narratives related to smoking and quitting. The analysis of photos and notes from participants gave insight about the role of place and lifestyle in promoting healthy behavior in target group. Hence, study findings have implications for practice in health care and health promotion related activities. Therefore, if the focus is on targeting youths for smoking prevention, staffs can take the approach of facilitating participation of youths in culture of healthy living. Reference Creswell, J.W. and Poth, C.N., 2017.Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). 2018.Critical Appraisal management (CASP). Retrieved 17 January 2018, from https://www.casp-uk.net/aboutus Doran, F. and Davis, K., 2011. Factors that influence physical activity for pregnant and postpartum women and implications for primary care.Australian journal of primary health,17(1), pp.79-85. Etikan, I., Musa, S.A. and Alkassim, R.S., 2016. Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling.American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics,5(1), pp.1-4. Evenson, K.R., Moos, M.K., Carrier, K. and Siega-Riz, A.M., 2009. Perceived barriers to physical activity among pregnant women.Maternal and child health journal,13(3), p.364. Haines-Saah, R.J., Oliffe, J.L., White, C.F. and Bottorff, J.L., 2013. It is just not part of the culture here: Young adults' photo-narratives about smoking, quitting, and healthy lifestyles in Vancouver, Canada.Health place,22, pp.19-28. Hayes, L., Mcparlin, C., Kinnunen, T.I., Poston, L., Robson, S.C. and Bell, R., 2015. Change in level of physical activity during pregnancy in obese women: findings from the UPBEAT pilot trial.BMC pregnancy and childbirth,15(1), p.52. Health Canada, 2010. Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring SurveySummary of Annual Results 2010. Available from:?https://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/tobac-tabac/research-recherche/stat/_ctums-esutc_2010/ann_summary-sommaire-eng.php? Miranda, M.D. and Navo, C., 2013. Benefits of exercise for pregnant women.Journal of Sport and Health Research,5(2), pp.229-232. National Health and Medical Research Council.(2015).| National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2007) Nhmrc.gov.au. Retrieved 17 January 2018, from https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines-publications/e72 Noble, H. and Smith, J., 2015. Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research.Evidence-Based Nursing, pp.ebnurs-2015. Pannucci, C.J. and Wilkins, E.G., 2010. Identifying and avoiding bias in research.Plastic and reconstructive surgery,126(2), p.619. Roberts, L.D., 2015. Ethical issues in conducting qualitative research in online communities.Qualitative Research in Psychology,12(3), pp.314-325. Silverman, D. ed., 2016.Qualitative research. Sage. Smith, B.J., Cheung, N.W., Bauman, A.E., Zehle, K. and McLean, M., 2005. Postpartum psychology activity and related psychosocial factors among women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus.Diabetes care,28(11), pp.2650-2654. Sutton, J. and Austin, Z., 2015. Qualitative research: data collection, analysis, and management.The Canadian journal of hospital pharmacy,68(3), p.226. Van Auken, P.M., Frisvoll, S.J. and Stewart, S.I., 2010. Visualising community: using participant-driven photo-elicitation for research and application.Local Environment,15(4), pp.373-388. Whitaker, K.M., Wilcox, S., Liu, J., Blair, S.N. and Pate, R.R., 2016. Patient and provider perceptions of weight gain, physical activity, and nutrition counseling during pregnancy: A qualitative study.Women's Health Issues,26(1), pp.116-122. Zhang, Y., Dong, S., Zuo, J., Hu, X., Zhang, H. and Zhao, Y., 2014. Physical activity level of urban pregnant women in Tianjin, China: a cross-sectional study.PloS one,9(10), p.e109624.